HISTORY MCQS

Q.1 With reference to the Prathna Samaj consider the following statements : 1. Prathna Samaj was a movement for religious & social reforms 2. Prathna Samaj was founded in 1863 by the Dadoba Pandurang & his brother Atmaram Pandurang Select the correct answer using the codes given below : A)Only 1 B) Only 2 C) Both are correct D) Both are incorrect Ans. C It was a movement for religious and social reform in Bombay, India based on earlier reform movements. Prarthana Samaj was founded by Atmaram Pandurang in 31 March 1867 when Keshub Chandra Sen visited Maharashtra, with an aim to make people believe in one God and worship only one God. It became popular after Mahadev Govind Ranade joined. The main reformers were the intellectuals who advocated reforms of the social system of the Hindus. It was spread to southern India by noted Telugu reformer and writer, Kandukuri Veeresalingam. Q.2 Which of the following sites is the world’s oldest ancient Indus Valley Civilization site ? A) Petwad B) Sisai kali Rawan C) Rakhigarhi D) Bass Ans. C The Indus Valley Civilisation (IVC), also known as the Harappan Civilisation, was a major early civilisation, existing from 3300–1300 BCE. It covered much of modern-day Pakistan and northwest India, as well as possessing at least one trading colony in northeast Afghanistan. Over 1400 Indus Valley civilisation sites have been discovered, of which 925 sites are in India and 475 in Pakistan.Only 40 sites on the Indus valley had been discovered in the pre-Partition era by archaeologists. The most widely known Indus Valley sites are Mohenjo-daro and Harappa; Mohenjo-daro is located in modern-day Sindh, while Harappa is in Pakistani Punjab. in British India, around 1,100 (80%) sites are located on the plains between the rivers Ganges and Indus.The oldest-known site of the Indus Valley Civilization, Bhirrana, and the largest site, Rakhigarhi, are located in the Indian state of Haryana. More than 90% of the inscribed objects and seals that were discovered were found at ancient urban centres along the Indus river in Pakistan, mainly in Harappa and Mohenjo-daro. More than 50 IVC burial sites have been found, including at Rakhigarhi (first site with genetic testing), Mohenjo-Daro, Harappa, Farmana, Kalibangan, Lothal, Dholavira, Mehrgarh, Banawali, Alamgirpur and Chanhudaro  Q.3 The inscription of Hathigumpha is the source of information about which king ? A) Kharvela B) Ashok C) Harshavardhan D) Kanishka Ans. A The Hathigumpha Inscription  is a seventeen line inscription in a Prakrit language incised in Brahmi script in a cavern called Hathigumpha in Udayagiri hills, near Bhubaneswar in Odisha, India. Dated between the second century BCE and the first century CE, it was inscribed by the Jain king Kharavela of the Kalinga kingdom Q. 4 Consider the following statements : 1. The Cabinet Mission upheld the unity of India & rejected the idea of independent Pakistan 2. Muslim league withdrew its acceptance of the Cabinet Mission Plan Select the correct answer using the codes given below : A)Only 1 B) Only 2 C) Both are correct D) Both are incorrect Ans. C A cabinet mission went to India on 24 March 1946 to discuss the transfer of power from the British government to the Indian political leadership with the aim of preserving India’s unity and granting its independence. Formed at the initiative of British Prime Minister Clement Attlee, the mission contained as its members, Lord Pethick-Lawrence (Secretary of State for India), Sir Stafford Cripps (President of the Board of Trade), and A. V. Alexander (First Lord of the Admiralty). The Viceroy of India Lord Wavell participated in some of the discussions. The Cabinet Mission Plan, formulated by the group, proposed a three-tier administrative structure for British India, with the Federal Union at the top tier, individual provinces at the bottom tier and Groups of provinces as a middle tier. Three Groups were proposed, called Groups A, B and C, respectively, for Northwest India, eastern India and the remaining central portions of India The Cabinet Mission’s plan failed because of the distrust between the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League, and the British government replaced Lord Wavell with a new viceroy, Lord Mountbatten, to find new solutions. Q. 5 Who started the Mahad Satyagraha in Maharashtra in 1927 / A) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar B) Jyotiba Phule C) Sardar Vallabhai Patel D) Mahatma Gandhi Ans. A Mahad Satyagraha or Chavdar Tale Satyagraha was a satyagraha led by B. R. Ambedkar on 20 March 1927 to allow untouchables to use water in a public tank in Mahad. The day (20 March) is observed as Social Empowerment day in India. Q.6 Mahatma Gandhi advocated the establishment of which among the following in India where the people could pursue the ideal of simple living & high thinking ? A) Ideal Villages B) Ideal spiritual centres C) Ideal Towns D) Smart villages Ans. A Q.7 Which animal is engraved on Harappan seals ? A) Cow B) Goat C) Unicorn D) Horse Ans. C The Pashupati seal is a steatite seal which was uncovered in Mohenjo-daro, now in modern day Pakistan, a major urban site of the Indus Valley civilisation (“IVC”), during excavations in 1928–29, when the region was under British rule. The excavations were carried out by the Archaeological Survey of India, the official body responsible for preservation and excavation. The seal depicts a seated figure that is possibly tricephalic (having three heads). The seated figure has been thought to be ithyphallic (having an erect penis), an interpretation that has been questioned by many, but was still held by the IVC specialist Jonathan Mark Kenoyer in a publication of 2003. The man has a horned headdress and is surrounded by animals. He may represent a horned. Q.8 Which of the following items have not been found from the Harappan Graves ? A) Ornaments B) Pottery C) Cotton clothes D) Copper Mirror Ans. C Cotton clothes have not been found from the Harappan graves .

Q.1 With reference to the ancient period, which among the following is/are correctly matched ? 1. Auqaf       –       Charitable trusts 2. Inam        –       Tax free land 3. Sama        –       immediate requirements such as food, clothes, living quarters and ritual  necessities Which among the above is/are correct ? A) 1 & 3 B) 2 & 3 C) 1,2,3 D) Only 2 Ans. C Q.2 With reference to the ancient history, which among the following was/were the characteristics of ancient temples ? 1. The early temple was a small square room, called the garbhagriha, with a single doorway for the worshipper to enter and offer worship to the image 2. Tall structure i.e. shikhara, was built over the central shrine. 3. Assembly halls, huge walls and gateways, and arrangements for supplying water Which among the above is/are correct ? A) Only 3 B) 1 & 3 C) 2 & 3 D) 1,2,3 Ans. D Q.3 With reference to the ancient rural society, which among the following is/are correctly matched ? 1. Vellalar    –       Large landowners 2. Uzhavar     –       Ploughmen 3. Adimai      –       Slaves Which among the above is/are correct ? A) 1 & 3 B) Only 2 C) 2 & 3 D) 1,2,3 Ans. D Important point : Gahapati was the owner, master or head of a household, who exercised control over the women, children, slaves and workers who shared a common residence. He was also the owner of the resources – land, animals and other things – that belonged to the household. Sometimes the term was used as a marker of status for men belonging to the urban elite, including wealthy merchants. Q.4 With reference to the ancient History, what were Saddle querns ? A) Grinding equipment for food B) Equipment used for Irrigation C) Used for manufacturing of bricks in an ancient India D) Used for spinning of clothes Ans. A Processing of food required grinding equipment as well as vessels for mixing, blending and cooking. These were made of stone, metal and terracotta. This is an excerpt from one of the earliest reports on excavations at Mohenjodaro, the best-known Harappan site. They were made of hard, gritty, Igneous rocks or sandstone. Q.5 Statements: 1) Lomash rishi & Sudama caves in the barabar hills modeled on wooden architectural prototypes are example of the earliest cave architecture in India. 2) Barabar hills caves were dedicated by Chandragupta Maurya to Ajivika monks Codes: A) Only 1 B) Only 2 C) Both are correct D) Both are incorrect Ans. A *The Barabar Caves are the oldest surviving rock-cut caves in India, mostly dating from the Mauryan period (322–185 BCE), and some with Ashokan inscriptions, located in the Bela Ganj Block of Gaya District of Bihar, India, 24 km north of Gaya. *These caves are situated in the twin hills of Barabar (four caves) and Nagarjuni (three caves) – caves of the 1.6 km distant Nagarjuni Hill sometimes are singled out as Nagarjuni Caves. *These rock-cut chambers date back to the 3rd century BC, Maurya period, of Ashoka (r. 273 BC to 232 BC.) and his son, Dasaratha. Though Buddhists themselves, they allowed various Jainsects to flourish under a policy of religious tolerance. *These caves were used by ascetics from the Ajivika sect, founded byMakkhali Gosala, a contemporary of Siddhartha Gautama, the founder of Buddhism, and of Mahavira, the last and 24thTirthankara of Jainism. Also found at the site several rock-cut Buddhist and Hindu sculptures. *Most caves at Barabar consist of two chambers, carved entirely out of granite, with a highly polished internal surface and exciting echo effect. The first chamber was meant for worshippers to congregate in a large rectangular hall, and the second, a small, circular, domed chamber for worship, this inner chamber probably had a small stupa like structure, at some point, though they are now empty. Q.6 In context with the Bharatnatyam, which among the following statements are correct ? 1) This form of dance has no words but is composed of pure dance sequences characterized by variety of moods 2) Bharatnatyam leans heavily on the abhinaya followed by movement & mime 3) Jatiswaram , Shabdam, Varnam & Tillana are the forms of Bharatnatyam Codes: A) 1 & 3 B) 2 & 3 C) 1 & 2 D) 1,2,3 Ans. D Bharatnatyam originates in Tamil Nadu which is also referred to as artistic yoga and Natya yoga. The name Bharatnatyam is derived from the word “Bharata” and thus associated with the Natyashastra. Though the style of Bharatnatyam is over two thousand years old, the freshness and richness of its essence has been retained even today. The technique of human movement which Bharatnatyam follows can be traced back to the fifth Century A.D. from sculptural evidence. This classical dance has a mesmerizing effect as it uplifts the dancer and the beholder to a higher level of spiritual consciousness. It is a dancing style that comprises of Bhava, Raga, Tala, and Natya which reflect the real meaning of the Bharatnatyam. Bharatanatyam is arguably the oldest and most traditional classical dance style which seemas a synthesis of philosophy, sculpture, music and literature. This dance got its name from Sage Bharata who wrote the Natya Shastra. Bharatanatyam is an energetic dance from wherein the postures and balanced position, i.e. the weight of the body is placed squarely down the centre of the body. There is emphasis on the striking of the floor with the feet. There are jumps in the air as also pirouettes called bhramaris. There are movements done with the knees contacting the floor. These are called mandi adavus. Bharatanatyam can be performed solo or in a group. The pure dance is called nritta and the expressive is nritya. The solo dancer uses various methods of story-telling to interpret the verses and stories she performs. The person who conducts the recital is called the natatuvanar,, who is generally the guru of the dancer. He or the plays the cymbals called nattuvangam. The other musicians are the vocalist, the mridangist or

Q.1 With reference to the ancient period, consider the following : 1. Moors     –   Muslim Merchants 2. Devadasis          –   Temple dancers 3. Hundi     –   Note recording a deposit Select the correct answer using the codes given below : A) Only 1 B) 1 & 3 C) 1 & 2 D) 1,2,3 Ans. D Q.2 With reference to the ancient period, which among the following is/are correctly matched ? 1. Hatta                       –   Market Streets 2. Manigramam and Nanadesi         –   Taxes 3. Kaikkolars                      –   Weavers Select the correct answer using the codes given below : A) Only 1 B) 1 & 3 C) 1 & 2 D) 1,2,3 Ans. B Manigramam and Nanadesi- There were several such guilds in south India from the eighth. Weavers such as the Saliyar or Kaikkolars. Q.3 In context with the The Saint Helena Act 1833 or The Government of India Act 1833 , consider the following statements: 1) It redesignated the Governor-General of Bengal as the Governor-General of India. 2) It ended the activities of the Company as a commercial body and became a purely administrative body 3) It attempted to introduce a system of open competitions for the selection of civil servants. Select the correct statement(s) from the given codes : A) 1 & 3 B) 2 & 3 C) 1 & 2 D) 1,2,3 Ans. D As this Act was also meant for an extension of the royal charter granted to the company it is also called the Charter Act of 1833. Even this extended the charter by 20 years. It contained the following provisions: •   It redesignated the Governor-General of Bengal as the Governor-General of India. Under this provision Lord William Bentinck became the first Governor-General of India. •   It deprived the Governor of Bombay and Madras of their legislative powers. The Governor-General was given exclusive legislative powers for the whole of British India. •   It ended the activities of the Company as a commercial body and became a purely administrative body. In particular, the Company lost its monopoly on trade with China and other parts of the Far East. •   It attempted to introduce a system of open competitions for the selection of civil servants. However this provision was negated after opposition from the Court of Directors who continued to hold the privilege of appointing Company officials. •   The island of Saint Helena was vested in His Majesty. Q.4 What constituted the crux of the Drain theory highlighted by the Dada Bhai Naoroji ? A) Abuse of trade practices by the merchants of the ruling race B) Ill-gotten money taken from the princely rulers & remitted to England C) Unrequited exports from India D) Gluttish from Indian markets with british manufactured goods Ans. C *Dadabhai Naoroji’s work focused on the drain of wealth from India into England through colonial rule. *One of the reasons that the Drain theory is attributed to Naoroji is his decision to estimate the net national profit of India, and by extension, the effect that colonisation has on the country. *Through his work with economics, Naoroji sought to prove that Britain was draining money out of India. *Naoroji described 6 factors which resulted in the external drain. -Firstly, India is governed by a foreign government. -Secondly, India does not attract immigrants which bring labour and capital for economic growth. -Thirdly, India pays for Britain’s civil administrations and occupational army. -Fourthly, India bears the burden of empire building in and out of its borders. -Fifthly, opening the country to free trade was actually a way to exploit India by offering highly paid jobs to foreign personnel. -Lastly, the principal income-earners would buy outside of India or leave with the money as they were mostly foreign personnel. *In Naoroji’s book ‘Poverty’ he estimated a 200–300 million pounds loss of revenue to Britain that is not returned. *Naoroji described this as vampirism, with money being a metaphor for blood, which humanised India and attempted to show Britain’s actions as monstrous in an attempt to garner sympathy for the nationalist movement. *When referring to the Drain, Naoroji stated that he believed some tribute was necessary as payment for the services that England brought to India such as the railways. However the money from these services were being drained out of India; for instance the money being earned by the railways did not belong to India, which supported his assessment that India was giving too much to Britain. Q.5 With reference to the Mohiniyatam dance, consider the following statements : 1. It involves the swaying of broad hips and the gentle movements of erect posture from side to side. 2. The dance follows the classical text of Hastha Lakshanadeepika, which has elaborate description of  expressions by the hand palm and fingers 3. It is performed to this accompaniment by the subtle gestures and footwork of the danseuse 4. It involves the eyes in a very coy, sensual manner to enchant the mind without enticing the senses. Select the correct answer using the codes given below : A) 1 & 3 B) 2,3,4 C) 1,2,3 D) All are correct Ans. D Q.6 With reference to the Imperial Officials of Mughal court , consider the following : 1. Diwan-i-ala        –   Finance minister 2. Tainat-i-Rakab     –   Court 3. sadr-us sudur –   Minsiter of grants Select the correct answer using the codes given below: A) 1 & 3 B) 2 & 3 C) 1,2,3 D) Only 2 Ans. C Q.7 With reference to the Burials of Harappan culture , consider the following statements : 1. At burials in Harappan sites the dead were generally laid in pits & the hollowed-out spaces were lined with bricks 2. Jewellery has been found in burials of both men and women 3. Ornament consisting of three shell rings, a jasper (a kind of semi-precious stone) bead and hundreds of micro beads was found near the skull of men Select the correct answer using the codes given below : A) 1 & 3 B) Only 2

Q.1 With reference to the architectural styles, consider the following statements : 1. Neo-Gothic, characterised by high-pitched roofs, pointed arches and detailed decoration 2. Gothic style had its roots in buildings, especially churches, built in northern Europe during the medieval period. 3. neo-Gothic style was revived in the mid-nineteenth century in England. & was adapted for Bombay Select the correct answer using the codes given below : A) 1 & 3 B) 2 & 3 C) 1,2,3 D) Only 2 Ans. C The most spectacular example of the neo-Gothic style is the Victoria Terminus, the station and headquarters of the Great Indian Peninsular Railway Company Q.2 With reference to the ancient period, which among the following is/are correctly marched ? 1. Mobato : Village headman 2. Pykars : Travelling traders 3. Chapkan : Long button coat Select the correct answer using the codes given below : A) Only 2 B) 1 & 3 C) 2 & 3 D) 1,2,3 Ans. D Q.3 With reference to the Guru Nanak, consider the following statements ? 1. He  advocated a form of nirguna bhakti 2. Sacrifices, ritual baths, image worship, austerities and the scriptures of both Hindus and Muslims were rejected by Guru Nanak Select the correct answer using the codes given below : A) Only 1 B) Only 2 C) Both are correct D) Both are incorrect Ans. C Q.4 With reference to the Odissi dance, consider the following statements : 1) Torso movement is an unique feature of the Odissi style. 2) Lower half of the body remaining static, the torso moves from one side to the other along the axis passing through the centre of the upper half of the body 3) There are certain foot positions with flat, toe or heel contact 4) In addition to the leg movement, there are a variety of gaits for doing pirouettes Which among the above statements are correctly matched ? A) 1,3,4 B) 2,3,4 C) 1,2,3 D) 1,2,3,4 Ans. D Odissi is considered a dance of love, joy and intense passion, pure, divine and human. Over a period of time three schools of Odissi dance developed, they are- Mahari, Nartaki, and Gotipau. The Mahari system traces its roots in the Devadasi tradition. The dance form of Odissi that developed in royal courts is called the Nartaki tradition. In the Gotipau tradition of Odissi dance young boys dress up in female attires and enact female roles. Before the 17th century Odissi dance was held in great esteem due to patronage and support of local rulers and nobles. During this period even the royalty was expected to be accomplished dancers. However, the scenario changed after the 17th century. The dancing girls were thought of as prostitutes and from here the social position of dancers began to decline. During the colonial period too the position of Odissi dance suffered due to anti-nautch attitude of the British. With India gaining independence there began great efforts to revive the classical Indian dances. The government came to realize the role of cultural heritage in creating a national identity. A number of people and experts took initiatives for the reconstruction and popularization of Odissi dance. Some of the notable are Guru Deba Prasad Das, Guru Mayadhar Raut, Guru Pankaj Charan Das, Guru Mahadev Rout, Guru Raghu Dutta and Guru Kelu Charan Mahapatra. One of the most distinguishing features of Odissi dance is the Tribhangi. The notion of Tribhang divides the body into three parts, head, bust and torso. The postures dealing with these three elements are called Tribhangi. This concept has created the very characteristic poses which are more twisted than found in other classical Indian dances. Mudra is also an important component of Odissi dance. The term Mudra means “stamp” and is a hand position which suggests things. Odissi themes are almost religious in nature and mostly revolve around Krishna. Q.5 With reference to the ancient period, who was/were dubashes ? 1. Dubashes were Indians who could speak two languages – the local language and English 2. They worked as agents and merchants, acting as intermediaries between Indian society and the British. Which among the above statements is/are correct ? A) Only 1 B) Only 2 C) Both are correct D) Both are incorrect Ans. C Q.6 Which among the following was/were the observations of Portuguese traveler Barbosa ? 1. Architecture of tombs & Mosques resembles of the mandapas found in the temples of Hampi 2. Houses of the people were thatched, but nonetheless well built and arranged according to occupations Select the correct answer using the codes given below : A) Only 1 B) Only 2 C) Both are correct D) Both are incorrect Ans. C Q.7 With reference to the Banjaras, what was Tanda ? A) Caravan B) Horse C) Raw material D) Food grain Ans. A These Banjaras carry their household – wives and children – along with them. One tanda consists of many families. Q.8 During the Akbar court, what was akhbarat ? A) It contained all kinds of information such as attendance at the court, grant of offices and titles B) It is the recording of all the proceedings in the curt C) It is a room for all the private discussions with the officials D) None of the above Ans. A Q.9 Which among the following were the observations of Ibn Batuta ? 1. Two kinds of plant i.e. Coconut & Palm were completely unfamiliar to his audience 2. Ibn Battuta found cities in the subcontinent full of exciting opportunities 3. Most cities had crowded streets and bright and colourful markets that were stacked with a wide variety of goods 4. Most bazaars had a mosque and a temple, and in some of them at least, spaces were marked for public performances by dancers, musicians and singers Which among the above is/are correct ? A) Only 3 B) 1,3,4 C) 2 & 3 D) 1,2,3,4 Ans. D Ibn Battuta found Indian agriculture very productive because of the fertility of the soil,

Q.1 With reference to the  Medieval period, what was/were Bandagan ? A) Special slaves purchased for military service B) Special kind of cloth made up of Kirpas C) Generals & Governors D) Advisor of Kings Ans. A Q.2 Which of the following does not describe the part of the classic Hindu temple ? A) Mandapa B) Garbagriha C) Antarala D) Tribhanga Ans. D North Indian temples are referred to as Nagara style of temple architecture. They have sanctum sanctorum where the deity is present, open on one side from where the devotee obtains darśana. There may or may not be many more surrounding corridors, halls, etc. However, there will be space for devotees to go around the temple in clockwise fashion circumambulation. In North Indian temples, the tallest towers are built over the sanctum sanctorum in which the deity is installed. The north India Nagara style of temple designs often deploy fractal-theme, where smaller parts of the temple are themselves images or geometric re-arrangement of the large temple, a concept found in French and Russian architecture such as the matryoshka principle. One difference is the scope and cardinality, where Hindu temple structures deploy this principle in every dimension with garbhgriya as the primary locus, and each pada as well as zones serving as additional centers of loci. This makes a Nagara Hindu temple architecture symbolically a perennial expression of movement and time, of centrifugal growth fused with the idea of unity in everything. TRIBHANGA It is the standing body position or stance used in the traditional Indian sculpture, art and Indian classical dance forms like the Odissi. Tribhanga, literally meaning three parts break, consists of three bends in the body; at the neck, waist and knee, hence the body is oppositely curved at waist and neck which gives it a gentle “S” shape and is considered the most graceful and sensual of the Odissi positions. It has been closely associated with the Hindu deity Krishna who is often portrayed in this posture. It is characterized by various Bhangas or stance, which involves stamping of the foot and striking various postures as seen in Indian sculptures, they are four in number, namely Bhanga, Abanga, Atibhanga and Tribhanga being the most common of all. Q.3 Consider the following statements : 1. Kandariya Mahadeo is the name of a famous temple built during the period of Gupta dominance in Central India 2. The Martand temple in Kashmir was built during the reign of Lalitaditya Muktapida Which of the statements given above is/are correct ? A) Only 1 B) Only 2 C) Both are correct D) Both are incorrect Ans. B *Kandariya Mahadeo is the name of a famous temple built during the period of Chandela rulers. *The Martand temple was built on top of a plateau from where one can view whole of the Kashmir Valley. From the ruins and related archaeological findings, it can be said it was an excellent specimen of Kashmiri architecture, which had blended the Gandharan, Gupta, Chinese, Roman, Syrian-Byzantine and Greek forms of architecture. *The temple has a colonnaded courtyard, with its primary shrine in its center and surrounded by 84 smaller shrines, stretching to be 220 feet long and 142 feet broad total and incorporating a smaller temple that was previously built. *The temple turns out to be the largest example of a peristyle in Kashmir, and is complex due to its various chambers that are proportional in size and aligned with the overall perimeter of the temple. In accordance with Hindu temple architecture, the primary entrance to the temple is situated in the western side of the quadrangle and is the same width as the temple itself, creating grandeur. *The entrance is highly reflective of the temple as a whole due to its elaborate decoration and allusion to the deities worshiped inside. The primary shrine is located in a centralized structure (the temple proper) that is thought to have had a pyramidal top – a common feature of the temples in Kashmir. Various wall carvings in the antechamber of the temple proper depict other gods, such as Vishnu, and river goddesses, such as Ganga and Yamuna, in addition to the sun-god Surya. Q.4 Consider the following statements : 1. Borobudur is a world renowned Buddhist monument of Cambodia 2. Angkor wat is a well known Buddhist temple complex located in Indonesia Select the correct answer using the codes given below: A) Only 1 B) Only 2 C) Both 1 & 2 D) Neither 1 & 2 Ans. D *Borobodur is a 9th-century Mahayana Buddhist Temple in Magelang, Central Java, Indonesia. *Angkor Wat is a temple complex in Cambodia and the largest religious monument in the world. *It was originally constructed as a Hindu temple for the Khmer Empire, gradually transforming into a Buddhist temple toward the end of the 12th century. It was built by the Khmer King Suryavarman II. Q.5 The three movements of Gandhi were named as Non-Cooperation movement, Civil disobedience movement & Quit India movement because 1. Gandhi wanted to attract the Indian masses to his movements by giving it a different name each time 2. When a movement failed he did not want to use the same name for his new movement 3. Each movement was more rigorous than the previous one 4. Gandhi prepared the masses slowly from non-cooperating in 1921 to telling the British to quit India in 1942. Which of the above statements is/are correct ? A) 1,2,3,4 B) 2 & 3 C) 1,2,4 D) 3 & 4 Ans. D Q.6 With reference to the Vijayanagar empire, which among the following is/are correctly matched ? 1. Samara              –              Battle or war 2.Yavana               –              Greeks and other peoples who entered the subcontinent from the north west. 3. Kuddirai Chettis    –              Local communities of merchants Select the correct answer using the codes given below : A) 1 & 3 B) 2 & 3 C) 1,2,3 D) Only 2 Ans. C The amara-nayaka system was a major political innovation of the Vijayanagara

Q.1 With reference to the Kuchipudi which among the following statements are correct ? 1) In this dancer usually stands on a brass plate locking the feet in shakatavadanam paada and moves the plate rhythmically with great dexterity 2) Techniques like dancing on the rim of a brass plate and with a pitcher full of water on the head was introduced. 3) Acrobatic dancing became part of the repertoire Select the correct answer using the codes given below : A) 1 & 3 B) 2 & 3 C) 1 & 2 D) 1,2,3 Ans. D Q.2 In context with the Odissi dance, which among the following are correct ? 1) Torso movement is an unique feature of the Odissi style. 2) Lower half of the body remaining static, the torso moves from one side to the other along the axis passing through the centre of the upper half of the body 3) There are certain foot positions with flat, toe or heel contact 4) In addition to the leg movement, there are a variety of gaits for doing pirouettes Select the correct answer using the codes given below : A) 1,3,4 B) 2,3,4 C) 1,2,3 D) 1,2,3,4 Ans. D Q.3 Which among the following are correct with reference  to the Western Indian School ? 1) The motivating force for the artistic activity in Western India was Jainism 2) exaggeration of certain physical traits are present in Western Indian School 3) Figures are flat with angularity of features in this type of art Select the correct answer using the codes given below : A) 1 & 3 B) 2 & 3 C) 1 & 2 D) 1,2,3 Ans. D The Western Indian style of painting prevailed in the region comprising Gujarat, Rajasthan and Malwa. The motivating force for the artistic activity in Western India was Jainism just as it was Buddhism in case of the Ajanta and the Pala arts. Jainism was patronised by the Kings of the Chalukya Dynasty who ruled Gujarat and parts of Rajasthan and Malwa from 961 A.D. to the end of the 13th century. An enormous number of Jain religious manuscripts were commissioned from 12th to 16th centuries by the princes, their ministers and the rich Jain merchants for earning religious merit. Many such manuscripts are available in the Jain libraries (bhandaras) which are found at many places in Western India. Q.4 With reference to the Miniature painting which among the following are correct ? 1) It depicts a gathering of Sufis (Muslim divines) who are seen seated in an open space and engaged in discussion 2) It displays supple naturalism of the Mughal style of the Shah Jahan period 3) In drawing, background is green and the sky is in golden colour Select the correct answer using the codes given below : A) 1 & 3 B) 2 & 3 C) 1 & 2 D) 1,2,3 Ans. D Miniature painting developed During the 10th century in western part of India that is modern state of Rajasthan.These paintings are seen in hastprat [mini books written by hands ] of Vaishnav sect and Jain cult.This paintings were made to make the subject of the book more interested and to decorate the books. Rajasthan state were integrated into western India of that time. Particular manuscript miniature painting developed in the western part of India that is modern state of Rajasthan. From 17th century “Rajput miniature painting ” developed in the western part of India that is modern western state of Rajasthan. “Rajput miniature painting has its own style and beauty. ‘Subjects- The subjects of these miniature paintings are in relation to the subjects of the manuscripts mostly religious and literary. Many paintings are from Sanskrit and folk literature. It is on the subject of love stories. Some paintings from Vaishnav sect of Hindu religion and some are from Jain cult. The Paintings of Vaishnav sect are regarding various occasions of the life of Lord Krishna and Gopies. Vaishnav paintings of “Gita Govinda” is about Lord Krishna. The paintings of Jain cult is concerning to Jain Lords and religious subjects. Equipments- These paintings were created on “Taadpatra” that means the leaf of the palm tree, and Paper. During that period earlier manuscripts were created from the leaf of the palm tree and later on from the paper. Characteristic- In these paintings there are very few human characters with front face are seen. Most of the human characters are seen with side profile. Big eyes, pointed nose and slim waist are the features of these paintings. The skin colours of human being are Brown and fair. The skin colour of the Lord Krishna is Blue. The colour of the hair and eyes is black. Women characters have long hair. Human characters have worn jewellery on hand, nose, neck, hair, waist and ankles. Man and women have worn traditional Indian dress, slippers and shoes. Men have turbans on the head. In these paintings trees, rivers, flowers, birds, the land, the sky, houses, traditional chairs, cushions, curtains, lamps, and human characters have been painted. Colours-Mostly Natural colours have been used in these paintings. Black, red, white, brown, blue, and yellow colours are used to decorate the paintings. Promoters- The Kings, Courtiers of the kings, wealthy businessmen, and religious leaders of the time were the promoters of these miniature paintings. Painters- Painters of these pictures were from the local society.” Vaachhak ” was the famous painter of the time.Painters tried to make the subject of the manuscript live by these pictures so that the readers of the manuscript can enjoy reading. Q.5 With reference to Pala paintings Which among the following statements are correct ? 1) The Pala painting is characterised by sinuous line and subdued tones of colour 2) It resembles the ideal forms of contemporary bronze and stone sculpture 3) It reflects feeling of the classical art of Ajanta 4) The motivating force for the artistic activity in Western India was Jainism & Buddhism Select the correct answer using the

Q.1 With reference to the ancient “Thewa art” , consider the following statements : 1. It is a jewellery form with base material of gold 2. It is based on the Hindu mythology or Mughal court scenes, historical events or with flora and fauna motifs. Select the correct answer using the codes given below : A) Only 1 B) Only 2 C) Both are correct D) Both are incorrect Ans. B It is a jewellery form with base material of gold or silver Thewa is a special art of jewelry making which involves embossing of intricately worked-out sheet gold on molten glass. It evolved in Pratapgarh district, Rajasthan India. Its origin dates back to the Mughal age Thewa is a traditional art of fusing 23K Gold with multicoloured glass. The glass is treated by a special process to have glittering effects, which in turn highlights the intricate gold work. History of thewa art goes back 300- 500 years Q.2 With reference to the Kalinga architecture, which among the following temples is/are the example of the Rekha Deula type ? 1. Lingaraj temple of Bhubaneshwar 2. Konark Sun temple 3. Jagannath temple of puri Select the correct answer using the codes given below : A) Only 2 B) 2 & 3 C) Only 1 D) 1 & 3 Ans. D Kalinga architecture The prominent examples of Rekha Deula are Lingaraj Temple of Bhubaneswar and Jagannath Temple of Puri. One of the prominent example of Khakhara Deula is Vaital Deula. The Konark Sun Temple is a living example of Pidha Deula. Q.3 Servants of Indian society founded by the Gopal Krishna Gokhale. Who among the following are the members : 1. B.N. Rao 2. Alladi Krishnaswamy 3. M.C. Setalvad Select the correct answer using the codes given below : A) 1 & 3 B) Only 2 C) 2 & 3 D) 1,2,3 Ans. D *The Servants of India Society was formed in Pune, Maharashtra, on June 12, 1905 byGopal Krishna Gokhale, who left the Deccan Education Society to form this association. *Along with him were a small group of educated Indians, as Natesh Appaji Dravid, Gopal Krishna Deodhar and Anant Patwardhan who wanted to promote social and human development and overthrow the British rule in India. *The Society organized many campaigns to promote education, sanitation, health care and fight the social evils of untouchability and discrimination, alcoholism, poverty, oppression of women and domestic abuse. *The publication of The Hitavada, the organ of the Society in English from Nagpur commenced in 1911. *Prominent Indians were its members and leaders. It chose to remain away from political activities and organizations like the Indian National Congress. *The base of the Society shrank after Gokhale’s death in 1915, and in the 1920s with the rise of Mahatma Gandhi as president of Congress, who launched social reform campaigns on a mass scale throughout the nation and attracted young Indians to the cause. However, it still continues its activities albeit with a small membership. Q.4 With reference to the Warli paintings , consider the following paintings: 1. It is an art form made without any outline before painting 2.  Human and animal bodies are represented by two inverse triangles joined at their tips. 3. Circle, triangle, and square are the basic geometric shapes that are employed in Warli paintings Select the correct answer using the codes given below : A) Only 2 B) 1 & 3 C) 2 & 3 D) All are correct Ans. D It is said to date back to 2500 B.C. The central motif in these paintings is surrounded by scenes portraying hunting, fishing, and farming as well as trees and animals. These rudimentary wall paintings use a set of basic geometric shapes: a circle, a triangle, and a square. These shapes are symbolic of different elements of nature. The circle and the triangle come from their observation of nature. The circle is representing the sun and the moon while the triangle is derived from mountains and pointed trees. In contrast, the square appears to be a human invention, indicating a sacred enclosure or a piece of land. The central motif in each ritual painting is the square, known as the “chalk” or “Shaukat”, mostly of two types known as Devchauk and Lagnachauk. Inside a Devchauk is usually Palaghata, the mother goddess, symbolizing fertility Male gods are unusual among the Warli and are frequently related to spirits which have taken human shape. Human and animal bodies are represented by two inverse triangles joined at their tips. The upper triangle depicts the torso and the lower triangle the pelvis. Their precarious equilibrium symbolizes the balance of the universe. Another main theme of Warli art is the denotation of a triangle that is larger at the top representing a “man” and a triangle which is wider at the bottom representing a “woman”.[4]Apart from ritualistic paintings, other Warli paintings covered day-to-day activities of the village people. – Apart from ritualistic paintings, other Warli paintings covered day-to-day activities of the village people. Q.5 With reference to the Chakiarkoothu form of dance, consider the following statements : 1.It is witnessed by the Hindus of the higher castes 2.It can be staged inside temples only 3. It is recited in a quasi-dramatic style with emphasis on facial expressions & hand gestures Select the correct answer using the codes given below : A) 1 & 3 B) Only 2 C) 1 & 2 D) 1,2,3 Ans. D This dance form is believed to have been introduced to Kerala by the early Aryan immigrants & is performed only by the members of the Chakiar caste. A highly orthodox type of entertainment, it can be staged inside temples only & witnessed by the Hindus of the higher castes. The theatre is known as Koothambalam. The story is recited in a quasi-dramatic style with emphasis on eloquent declarations with appropriately suggestive facial expressions & hand gestures. The only accompaniments are the cymbals & the drum known as the mizhavu, made of copper with

Q.1 Which among the following is/are not the characteristic(s) of the Gothic style of architecture ? 1. Gopuram 2. Flying buttress 3. Mandapa Select the correct answer using the codes given below : A) 1 & 3 B) Only 2 C) 2 & 3 D) Only 1 Ans. A Gothic architecture is a style of architecture that flourished in Europe during the high and late medieval period. It evolved from Romanesque architecture and was succeeded by Renaissance architecture. Originating in 12th-century France and lasting into the 16th century, Gothic architecture was known during the period as Opus Francigenum (“French work”) with the term Gothic first appearing during the later part of the Renaissance. Its characteristics include the pointed arch, the ribbed vault (which evolved from the joint vaulting of romanesque architecture) and the flying buttress. Gothic architecture is most familiar as the architecture of many of the great cathedrals, abbeys and churches of Europe. It is also the architecture of many castles, palaces, town halls, guild halls, universities and to a less prominent extent, private dwellings, such as dorms and rooms. It is in the great churches and cathedrals and in a number of civic buildings that the Gothic style was expressed most powerfully, its characteristics lending themselves to appeals to the emotions, whether springing from faith or from civic pride. A great number of ecclesiastical buildings remain from this period, of which even the smallest are often structures of architectural distinction while many of the larger churches are considered priceless works of art and are listed with UNESCO as World Heritage Sites. For this reason a study of Gothic architecture is largely a study of cathedrals and churches. A series of Gothic revivals began in mid-18th-century England, spread through 19th-century Europe and continued, largely for ecclesiastical and university structures, into the 20th century. Q.2 With respect to Buddhism, What are Mandalas ? A) These are mystical maps for the visualization process with cosmic symbolism B) These contain rules for the Buddhist monasteries C) These are the soteriological goals of the Buddhist path for monastic life D) These are the means to escape from the cycle of rebirth & attain self realization Ans. A — In Tibetan Buddhism tradition, mandala are mystical maps for the visualization process with cosmic symbolism. Q.3 With reference to the ancient period  which among the following is/are correctly matched ? 1. Vetti                       –       Tax 2. Kadamai                     –       Land revenue 3. Nadu                        –       Group of villages Select the correct answer using the codes given below : A) Only 1 B) 1 & 3 C) 2 & 3 D) 1,2,3 Ans. D Q.4 With reference to the Cabinet mission, consider the following statements ; 1. Cabinet Mission announced its constitutional scheme for the formation of an Interim Government at the Centre 2. Muslim League decided to join the Interim Government 3. Muslim League didn’t accept Cabinet Mission’s constitutional scheme Select the correct answer using the codes given below : A) Only 3 B) 1 & 3 C) Only 1 D) 1 & 2 Ans. D Muslim League accepts Cabinet Mission’s constitutional scheme Q.5 With reference to the ancient India, which one among the following was made earliest? A) Lingraj temple B) Ajanta cave temple C) Elephanta cave temple D) Pattadakal temple Ans.C Lingraj temple ,Bhubaneshwar :-11th century Ajanta cave temple : 19th century Elephanta cave temple: 5TH century BC Pattadakal temple : 7th – 8th century Khajuraho,:- 95- 1050 AD Q.6 With reference to the art and archaeological history of India, which one among the following was made earliest? A) Ellora caves B) Hindu caves C) Buddhist caves D) Jain caves Ans. A ELLORA CAVES : 350-700 AD Hindu caves : 600- 875 AD Buddhist caves : 550- 750 AD Jain caves :800- 1000 AD Q.7 In ancient India Mehrgarh was : A) Kingdom in the Deccan area B) Graveyard of the Delhi sultanate C) Fort in Rajasthan D) Neolithic site in the Bolan valley Ans. D Q.8 Which among the following temples is/are the examples of the Gadag architecture ? 1. Doddabasappa temple 2. Lingaraja temple 3.  Kasivisvesvra temple Select the correct answer using the codes given below : A) 1 & 3 B) Only 2 C) 2 & 3 D) 1,2,3 Ans. A Gadag architecture: The Gadag style of architecture is also called Western Chalukya architecture.The style flourished for 150 years (1050 to 1200 CE); in this period, about 50 temples were built. Some examples are the Saraswati temple in the Trikuteshwara temple complex at Gadag, the Doddabasappa Temple at Dambal, the Kasivisvesvara Temple at Lakkundi, and the Amriteshwara temple at Annigeri. which is marked by ornate pillars with intricate sculpture.This style originated during the period of the Kalyani Chalukyas (also known as Western Chalukya) Someswara I. Q.9 With reference to the ancient period what is kosagrha ? A) Gate tower B) Fire house C) Wind mill D) Storage house Ans. B Q.10 In context with the ancient Tarpa dance , consider the following statements: 1. Men and women move in a circle around the Tarpa player with entwining their hands 2. The dancers usually follow the tarpa player with turning their back Select the correct answer using the codes given below : A) Only 1 B) Only 2 C) Both are correct D) Both are incorrect Ans. A One of the central aspects of many Warli paintings is the “Tarpa Dance”—the Tarpa, a trumpet-like instrument, is played in turns by different village men. Men and women entwine their hands and move in a circle around the Tarpa player. The dancers then follow him, turning and moving as he turns, never turning their back to the Tarpa. The musician plays two different notes, which direct the head dancer to either move clockwise or counterclockwise. The Tarpa player assumes a role similar to that of a snake charmer, and the dancers become the figurative snake. The dancers take a long turn in the audience and try to encircle them for entertainment. The circle formation

Q.1 With reference to the Dravidian architecture, What are Agamas ? A) These are the collection of the scriptures constituting the methods of temple construction B) These are the code of conduct that is to be followed by the Bhikshus C) These are the texts describing the discourse of the tirthankara D) These are the  manuscripts in Indo-Aryan languages describing the spread of the templesof the southern India Ans. A Traditional Dravidian architecture and symbolism are also based on Agamas. The Agamas are non-vedic in origin and have been dated either as post-vedic texts or as pre-vedic compositions.The Agamas are a collection of Tamil and Sanskrit scriptures chiefly constituting the methods of temple construction and creation of murti, worship means of deities, philosophical doctrines, meditative practices, attainment of sixfold desires and four kinds of yoga. Q.2 Which among the following is/are true with respect to the scripts/texts of the Dravidian style ? 1. Mayamata and Manasara shilpa texts describes the art of building in India in south and central India 2. Brihat-samhita is the widely cited ancient Sanskrit manual describing the design and construction of Nagara style of Hindu temples Select the correct answer using the codes given below : A) Only 1 B) Only 2 C) Both are correct D) Both are incorrect Ans. B Mayamata and Manasara shilpa texts estimated to be in circulation by 5th to 7th century AD, is a guidebook on Dravidian style of Vastu Shastradesign, construction, sculpture and joinery technique Isanasivagurudeva paddhati is another text from the 9th century describing the art of building in India in south and central India In north India, Brihat-samhita by Varāhamihira is the widely cited ancient Sanskrit manual from 6th century describing the design and construction of Nagara style of Hindu temples Q.3 Consider the following : 1. Undavalli caves             : Madhya Pradesh 2. Ramatheertham               :  Andhra Pradesh 3. Varaha Cave Temple          :  Mamallapuram Select the correct answer using the codes given below : A) Only 1 B) 2 & 3 C) 1 & 2 D) Only 3 Ans. B Rock-cut monuments in India •       Aihole has 3 Jaina temple •       Badami Cave Temples •       Bagh Caves •       Ellora Caves has 12 Buddhist, 17 Hindu and 5 Jain temples.[19] •       Kanheri Caves •       Lenyadri Caves •       Mahabalipuram •       Pancha Rathas •       Kazhuku Malai •       Pandavleni Caves •       Pitalkhora •       Undavalli caves, Andhra Pradesh •       Varaha Cave Temple at Mamallapuram •       Masroor Temple at Kangra •       Bojjannakonda Buddhist Site, Andhra Pradesh •       Guntupalle Buddhist Site, Andhra Pradesh •       Ramatheertham, Andhra Pradesh Q.4 Which of the following is/are not depicted in the Rajput paintings ? 1. Stories of Krishna 2. Ragas & Ragnis 3. Deeds of Hamza 4. Deeds of Babur Select the correct answer using the codes given below : A) 1,2,3 B) 2,3,4 C) 3 & 4 D) Only 4 Ans. C Rajput painting, also called Rajasthani painting, evolved and flourished in the royal courts of Rajputana in India. Each Rajputana kingdom evolved a distinct style, but with certain common features. Rajput paintings depict a number of themes, events of epics like the Ramayana. Miniatures in manuscripts or single sheets to be kept in albums were the preferred medium of Rajput painting, but many paintings were done on the walls of palaces, inner chambers of the forts, havelis, particularly, the havelis of Shekhawati, the forts and palaces built by ShekhawatRajputs. The colours were extracted from certain minerals, plant sources, conch shells, and were even derived by processing precious stones. Gold and silver were used. The preparation of desired colours was a lengthy process, sometimes taking weeks. Brushes used were very fine. Elements, such as distinct portraiture, utilized by popular Mughal artists (Govardhan, Hashim, etc.) are not found in Rajput works. Likewise, Rajput techniques are not predominantly seen in Mughal paintings. Q.5 With reference to the Indian National Movement, what was Dharsana satyagraha ? A) It was the movement by the peasants against the land lords in Bengal B) It was the protest against prejudice and discrimination towards brahmins C) It aimed at removing the British Empire from power by boycotting British products D) It was a protest against the British salt tax in colonial India Ans. D Dharasana Satyagraha was a protest against the British salt tax in colonial India in May, 1930. Following the conclusion of the Salt March to Dandi, Mahatma Gandhi chose a non-violent raid of the Dharasana Salt Works in Gujarat as the next protest against British rule. Hundreds of satyagrahis were beaten by soldiers under British command at Dharasana. The ensuing publicity attracted world attention to the Indian independence movement and brought into question the legitimacy of British rule in India. Q.6 Which among the following statements is/are true with respect to the Aligarh movement ? 1. The impact of Aligarh Movement was confined to the Northern India only 2. The Aligarh Movement introduced a new trend in Arabic literature. 3. It aimed to establish a modern system of education for the Muslim population of British India Select the correct answer using the codes given below : A) 2 & 3 B) 1 & 3 C) 1 & 2 D) Only 3 Ans. D The Aligarh Movement is the movement to establish a modern system of education for the Muslim population of British India, during the later decades of the 19th century.The movement′s name derives from the fact that its core and origins lay in the city of Aligarh in Northern India and, in particular, with the foundation of: the Muhammadan Anglo Oriental Collegiate School.The founder of the original college, and the other educational institutions that developed from it, was Sir Syed Ahmad Khan. He became the leading light of the wider Aligarh Movement.It influenced a number of other contemporary movements to a great extent that it caused the emergence of other socio-religious movements during the 19th century. The impact of Aligarh Movement was not confined to the Northern India only, but its expansion could be seen on the other regions

Q.1 Consider the following : Tribes           Place 1. Bhoksa        Uttarakhand 2. Misting       Sikkim 3. Gonds     Madhya Pradesh Select the correct answer using the codes given below : A) 1 & 3 B) Only 2 C) 1 & 2 D) 1,2,3 Ans. A Misting  tribe is in Assam Q.2 Which among the following is/are true with respect to the Bronze icon of Nataraja ? 1. The classical form of the depiction appears in stone reliefs by around the 6th-century 2. Torso movements are visible as the most common form of Shiva’s dance 3. It typically shows Shiva dancing holding Agni (fire) in his left back hand, the front hand in gajahasta or dandahasta mudra Select the correct answer using the codes given below : A) Only 3 B) 2 & 3 C) Only 1 D) 1 & 3 Ans. D Bronze icon of Nataraja Affiliation  Shiva Symbols Agni Texts Anshumadbhed agama Uttarakamika agama The classical form of the depiction appears in stone reliefs, as at the Ellora Caves and the Badami Caves, by around the 6th-century.[4][5] Around the 10th century, it emerged in Tamil Nadu in its mature and best-known expression in Chola bronzes, of various heights typically less than four feet,[6] some over.[7] The Nataraja reliefs have been identified in historic artwork from many parts of South Asia, in southeast Asia such as in Bali, Cambodia, and in central Asia It typically shows Shiva dancing in one of the Natya Shastra poses, holding Agni (fire) in his left back hand, the front hand in gajahasta or dandahasta mudra, the front right hand with a wrapped snake that is in abhaya (fear not) mudra while pointing to a Sutratext, and the back hand holding a musical instrument usually a damaru.[6] His body, fingers, ankles, neck, face, head, ear lobes and dress are shown decorated with symbolic items, which vary with historic period and region.[1][11] He is surrounded by a ring of flames, standing on a lotus pedestal, lifting his left leg (or in rare cases, the right leg) and balancing over a demon shown as a dwarf (Apasmara[2] or Muyalaka) who symbolizes ignorance The dance of Shiva in Tillai, the traditional name for Chidambaram, forms the motif for all the depictions of Shiva as Nataraja. He is also known as “Sabesan” which splits as “Sabayil aadum eesan” in Tamil which means “The Lord who dances on the dais”. The two most common forms of Shiva’s dance are the Lasya (the gentle form of dance), associated with the creation of the world, and the Tandava (the violent and dangerous dance), associated with the destruction of weary worldviews – weary perspectives and lifestyles. •   The arch of fire emerges from two makara on each end, which are water creatures of water and part of Hindu mythologies. •   •   The upper right hand holds a small drum shaped like an hourglass that is called a ḍamaru in Sanskrit.[27][28] A specific hand gesture (mudra) called ḍamaru-hasta (Sanskrit for “ḍamaru-hand”) is used to hold the drum •   •   His legs are bent, which suggests an energetic dance. •   The second left hand points towards the raised foot which suggests the viewer to be active and dance despite the circumstances, or alternatively as a sign of upliftment and liberation. •   •   The face shows two eyes plus a slightly open third on the forehead, which symbolize the triune in Shaivism. The Asanapat inscription also mentions a Shiva temple in the Saivacaryas kingdom. Stone reliefs depicting the classical form of Nataraja are found in numerous cave temples of India, such as the Ellora Caves (Maharashtra), the Elephanta Caves, and the Badami Caves (Karnataka), by around the 6th-century Nataraja is celebrated in 108 poses of Bharatanatyam, with Sanskrit inscriptions from Natya Shastra, at the Nataraja temple in Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India. Q.3 With reference to the incarnation of the Buddhas what does ” Ruru Jataka ” signifies ? A) It is the tale of the three friends who lived in a forest: an antelope, a woodpecker and a tortoise B) It is the story of “The dumb Prince” that is also known as Muga Pakaya Jataka C) In this jataka tale, the Buddha, in a previous incarnation as a monkey king, self-sacrifyinly offers his own body as a bridge by which his fellow monkeys can escape from a human king who is attacking them D) is the story of how a past incarnation of the Buddha, incarnated as a golden deer, rescues a merchant from drowning in the river Ans. D Mahakapi Jataka : In this jataka tale, the Buddha, in a previous incarnation as a monkey king, self-sacrifyinly offers his own body as a bridge by which his fellow monkeys can escape from a human king who is attacking them. Ruru Jataka : The Ruru Jataka is the story of how a past incarnation of the Buddha, incarnated as a golden deer, rescues a merchant from drowning in the river (bottom of medallion). Kurunga Miga Jataka : This story is about three friends who lived in a forest: an antelope, a woodpecker and a tortoise. Muga Pakaya Jataka/ Mugapakkha Jataka/ Temiya Jataka : This is the story of “The dumb Prince” Q.4 With reference to the ancient Pandu caves, consider the following statements: 1. These caves depicts the characters of the Pandavas of the Mahabharata epic 2. They are a significant group of Indian rock-cut architecture representing the Hinayana tradition. 3. These are a group of 22 caves carved between the 1st century BCE and the 3nd century CE Select the correct answer using the codes given below : A) 1 & 3 B) Only 2 C) 2 & 3 D) Only 3 Ans. B Pandav Caves: Pandu Caves or Trirashmi Leni, Leni being a Marathi word for caves), are a group of 24 caves carved between the 1st century BCE and the 3nd century CE, though additional sculptures were added up to about the 6th century, reflecting changes in Buddhist devotional practices. They are a significant