Raashid Shah

Q.1 Statements: 1) Soaps can lather well in hard & soft water 2) Synthetic detergents form soluble calcium & magnesium salts with hard water. 3) Hard water contains chloride & sulphate salts of Magnesium & Calcium Options: A) 1 & 2 B) Only 3 C) 1,2,3 D) 2 & 3 Ans. D   Q.2 statements: 1) sulphur dioxide & Nitrogen dioxide contribute to Acid Rain. 2) Oxides of carbon emitted from coal burns contribute to acid rain. Options: A) Only 1 B) Only 2 C) Both are correct D) Both are incorrect Ans. A   Q.3 Why the aqueous solution of copper sulphate is acidic in nature ? A) Because salt undergoes electrolysis B) Because salt undergoes Photolysis C) Because salt undergoes dialysis D) Because salt undergoes hydrolysis Ans. D   Q.4 Hard Water is not  suitable for : 1) drinking 2) Washing clothes 3) use in boilers 4) irrigating crops Codes: A) 1 & 4 B) 1 & 2 C) 2 & 3 D) 1,2,4 Ans. C   Q.5 consider the following statements: 1) Polluted water has high Biological Oxygen Demand. 2) Water pollution in river is measured by dissolved amount of Chlorine. Codes: A) Only 1 B) Only 2 C) Both are correct D) Both are incorrect Ans. A  

Q.1 In context with the Arms Trade Treaty, which of the following statements are correct? 1) It is a legally binding weapon ban treaty 2) It covers all conventional arms 3) It aims to set global standards for regulation of trade & International transfers Codes: A) 1 & 3 B) 2 & 3 C) 1 & 2 D) 1,2,3 Ans. B   Q.2 Consider the differences between Aplastic as well as Sickle cell Anaemia : 1) In Aplastic Anaemia bone marrow does not produce new cells to replace replenish blood cells while in Sickle cell Anaemia it is characterized by the sickle shape of blood cells 2) Aplastic is not genetic while Sickle cell anaemia is genetic Codes: A) Only 1 B) Only 2 C) Both are correct D) Both are incorrect Ans. C   Q.3 Which of the following diseases are included under the Expanded Programme On Immunisation ? 1) Diphtheria 2) Measles 3) Polio 4) Tuberculosis Codes: A) 1,3,4 B) 2,3,4 C) 1,2,3 D) 1,2,3,4 Ans. A   Q.4 In the year 2014 between which of the following countries exercise named as Sahayog – Kaijin” has taken place ? A) India & US B) US & Japan C) India & Japan D) India & Russia Ans. C   Q.5 Regarding IMF (International Monetary Fund) quota system, consider the following statements : 1) The major objective is to raise funds for the loans 2) IMF Quota is assigned to member country as well as non member country 3) IMF is working to facilitate International trade, promote employment, as well as for economic growth Codes: A) 1 & 3 B) 2 & 3 C) 1 & 2 D) 1,2,3 Ans. D   Q.6 In context with the Target Accelerator Programme , consider the following statements : 1) It has been designed for the improvement of retail Industry 2) It focuses in the area of mobile , data & analytics Codes: A) Only 1 B) Only 2 C) Both are correct D) Both are incorrect Ans. C   Q.7 Which of the following two countries has signed defence corporation deal ? A) India & US B) India & Saudi Arabia C) India & Myanmar D) India & Russia Ans. B   Q.8 Which of the following would be the economic impact of the Ukraine crisis on India ? 1) Rupee would weak against dollars 2) FDI inflow into India will be affected 3) It will increase Current Account deficit as India will have to spent more dollars to buy brent in case of increased oil & gas prices Codes: A) 1 & 3 B) 2 & 3 C) 1 & 2 D) 1,2,3 Ans. D   Q.9 In context with the LIBOR (London Interbank Offered Rate), consider the following statements: 1) It is the interest rate at which banks can borrow funds from other banks in LIBOR market 2) It is considered as long term interest rates Codes: A) Only 1 B) Only 2 C) Both are correct D) Both are incorrect Ans. A  

Q.1 Which among the following are the sources of Mercury poisoning ? 1) Fluorescent lamps 2) Volcanoes 3) Waste disposal 4) Coal fired power plants Codes: A) 1 & 3 B) 1,3,4 C) 1,2,3,4 D) 3 & 4 Ans. C   Q.2 In context with the Gasification, which among the following are correct ? 1) The power derived from gasification and combustion of the gas is considered to be a source of renewable energy 2) It converts organic or fossil fuel based carbonaceous materials into carbon monoxide, hydrogen and carbon dioxide. 3) Gasification of fossil fuels is currently widely used on industrial scales to generate electricity Codes: A) 1 & 3 B) 2 & 3 C) 1 & 2 D) 1,2,3 Ans. D   Q.3 In context with the Cold chain , which among the following statements are correct ? 1) It is a temperature-controlled supply chain for the storage & distribution purpose 2) It ensures the shelf life of products such as fresh agricultural produce, seafood,etc. Codes: A) Only 1 B) Only 2 C) Both are correct D) Both are incorrect Ans. C   Q.4 Which of the following are the limitations in the use of hydrogen as a fuel ? 1) High storage vessel pressure 2) Low energy content 3) Filling of hydrogen in vehicles 4) Transportation & Storage Codes: A) 1,3,4 B) 2,3,4 C) 1,2,3 D) 1,2,3,4 Ans. D   Q.5 In context with the Nanomites, which among the following are correct ? 1) These are the nanosized particles for killing infected cells in body 2) These are biological as well as non-biological nano particles Codes: A) Only 1 B) Only 2 C) Both are correct D) Both are incorrect Ans. A These are non-biological nano particles   Q.6 In context with the Bt Cotton, consider the following statements : 1) It is the only genetically modified crop approved in India 2) It is resistant for the growth of the pests Codes: A) Only 1 B) Only 2 C) Both are correct D) Both are incorrect Ans. A Conditions are positive for the growth of the pests   Q. 7 Rainbow colours in the compact disk are due to which of the following factors ? 1) Diffraction 2) Interference 3) Reflection Codes: A) 1 & 3 B) 2 & 3 C) 1 & 2 D) 1,2,3 Ans. D   Q.8 Statements: 1) Arab league, EU, Vatican city & Red Cross have the observer status in the United nation 2) All the observers do not have voting rights 3) All the observers do not have a speaking rights in the UN General Assembly Codes: A) 1 & 3 B) 2 & 3 C) 1 & 2 D) 1,2,3 Ans. C EU have a speaking rights in the UN General Assembly   Q.9 Statements: 1) Trans fats are considered beneficial for the human body 2) Double bond chemistry of the fat molecules  in Trans fats causes a Plaque formation 3) Omega-3 fatty acids are considered healthier than the saturated fatty acids Codes : A) 1 & 3 B) 2 & 3 C) 1 & 2 D) 1,2,3 Ans. B Trans fats are considered dangerous for the human body      

Q.1 Consider the statements regarding Central Asian Nuclear Weapon Free Zone Treaty (CANWFZ) : 1) This treaty makes the region nuclear weapon free zone 2) It is a legally binding to not to use nuclear weapons against the party of the treaty 3) It forbidded the development & testing of nuclear weapons within the Central Asia Codes: A) 1 & 3 B) 2 & 3 C) 1 & 2 D) 1,2,3 Ans. D   Q.2 Recently Photon-Photon Collider experiment has been conducted to determine which of the following ? A) Conversion of light into matter B) Conversion of light into electron C) Conversion of light into positron D) Conversion of light into matter & electron Ans. A   Q.3 Why recently China has resurrect Silk Road Development Project ? 1) To improve maritime trade security by improving relations between South & South East Asia 2) To establish free trade zones connecting coastal areas of china with South east Asia Nations Codes: A) Only 1 B) Only 2 C) Both are correct D) Both are incorrect Ans. C   Q.4 Regarding CITES (Convention on International Trade In endangered Species), consider the following statements : 1) It is an international agreement between the government to ensure International trade of Plants & animals do not threaten their survival 2) It is a legally binding on all the parties of the convention Codes: A) Only 1 B) Only 2 C) Both are correct D) Both are incorrect Ans. C   Q.5 Which of the following are the differences between Exit Polls & Post Poll Survey ? 1) Exit Polls are done outside the polling station immediately after the casting of vote while Post Poll survey is done after the voting at the home of the voters 2) In Exit Polls Voters are caught immediately after exiting from the booths while Post Poll Survey is based on leisurely & detailed interactions Codes: A) Only 1 B) Only 2 C) Both are correct D) Both are incorrect Ans. C   Q.6 In which of the following Bio fuels have the role ? 1) Prevent deforestation & soil erosion 2) Preservation of bio diversity 3) Providing food security Codes: A) 1 & 3 B) 2 & 3 C) All are correct D) All are incorrect Ans. D A biofuel is a fuel that contains energy from geologically recent carbon fixation. These fuels are produced from living organisms. Examples of this carbon fixation occur in plants and microalgae. These fuels are made by a biomass conversion (biomass refers to recently living organisms, most often referring to plants or plant-derived materials). This biomass can be converted to convenient energy containing substances in three different ways: thermal conversion, chemical conversion, and biochemical conversion. This biomass conversion can result in fuel in solid, liquid, or gas form. This new biomass can be used for biofuels. Biofuels have increased in popularity because of rising oil prices and the need for energy security. Bioethanol is an alcohol made by fermentation, mostly from carbohydrates produced in sugar or starch crops such as corn,sugarcane, or sweet sorghum. Cellulosic biomass, derived from non-food sources, such as trees and grasses, is also being developed as a feedstock for ethanol production. Ethanol can be used as a fuel for vehicles in its pure form, but it is usually used as agasoline additive to increase octane and improve vehicle emissions. Bioethanol is widely used in the USA and in Brazil. Current plant design does not provide for converting the lignin portion of plant raw materials to fuel components by fermentation. Biodiesel can be used as a fuel for vehicles in its pure form, but it is usually used as a diesel additive to reduce levels of particulates,carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons from diesel-powered vehicles. Biodiesel is produced from oils or fats using transesterification and is the most common biofuel in Europe. In 2010, worldwide biofuel production reached 105 billion liters (28 billion gallons US), up 17% from 2009, and biofuels provided 2.7% of the world’s fuels for road transport, a contribution largely made up of ethanol and biodiesel .Global ethanol fuelproduction reached 86 billion liters (23 billion gallons US) in 2010, with the United States and Brazil as the world’s top producers, accounting together for 90% of global production. The world’s largest biodiesel producer is the European Union, accounting for 53% of all biodiesel production in 2010. As of 2011, mandates for blending biofuels exist in 31 countries at the national level and in 29 states or provinces. The International Energy Agency has a goal for biofuels to meet more than a quarter of world demand for transportation fuels by 2050 to reduce dependence on petroleum and coal. There are various social, economic, environmental and technical issues relating to biofuels production and use, which have been debated in the popular media and scientific journals. These include: the effect of moderating oil prices, the “food vs fuel” debate, poverty reduction potential, carbon emissions levels, sustainable biofuel production, deforestation and soil erosion, loss of biodiversity, and impact on water resources.   Q.7 In which of the following Shale gas is found ? 1) Assam 2) Gujarat 3) Gangetic Plain Codes: A) 1 & 3 B) 2 & 3 C) 1 & 2 D) 1,2,3 Ans. D Shale gas is natural gas that is found trapped within shale formations. Shale gas has become an increasingly important source of natural gas in the United States since the start of this century, and interest has spread to potential gas shales in the rest of the world. In 2000 shale gas provided only 1% of U.S. natural gas production; by 2010 it was over 20% and the U.S. government’s Energy Information Administration predicts that by 2035, 46% of the United States’ natural gas supply will come from shale gas.   Q.8 Statements: 1) Monazite & thorium are the source of the rare earth elements 2) India is dependent upon the neighbor country for the import of rare earth elements Codes: A) Only 1 B) Only

Q.1 Which among the following are the biopesticides ? 1) Bacteria 2) Virus 3) Fungi 4) Proteins Codes: A) 1 & 3 B) 1,3,4 C) 1,2,3 D) 1,2,3,4 Ans. D •  In the EU, biopesticides have been defined as “a form of pesticide based on micro-organisms or natural products”. •  the US EPA states that they “include naturally occurring substances that control pests (biochemical pesticides), microorganisms that control pests (microbial pesticides), and pesticidal substances produced by plants containing added genetic material (plant-incorporated protectants) or PIPs”.   Q.2 Which among the following methods are used for the water disinfection ? 1) Ozonation 2) Chloramine 3) UV radiation 4) Chlorination Codes: A) 1,3,4 B) 2,3,4 C) 1,2,3 D) 1,2,3,4 Ans. D   Q.3 Which among the following regarding Chlorination are correct ? 1)  It is a process used in other water sources to reduce the bacterial and algal residue in the water 2) Chlorine is highly disinfectant which kills the pathogens through the oxidation of the organic molecules 3) It acts by disintegrating the cell wall of the microorganisms Codes: A) 1 & 3 B) 2 & 3 C) 1 & 2 D) 1,2,3 Ans. D Water chlorination is the process of adding chlorine (Cl2) or hypochlorite to water as a method of water purification to make it fit for human consumption as drinking water. In particular, chlorination is used to prevent the spread of waterborne diseases.   Q.4 Which among the following statements regarding water purification technique are correct ? 1) In Situ Chemical Oxidation is the remediation technique used for soil and groundwater remediation to reduce the concentrations of environmental contaminants 2) UV radiation & ozone treatment leaves no residual disinfectant in the water Codes: A) Only 1 B) Only 2 C) Both are correct D) Both are incorrect Ans. C Additional treatment options 1. Water fluoridation: in many areas fluoride is added to water with the goal of preventing tooth decay. Fluoride is usually added after the disinfection process. In the U.S., fluoridation is usually accomplished by the addition of hexafluorosilicic acid, which decomposes in water, yielding fluoride ions. 2. Water conditioning: This is a method of reducing the effects of hard water. In water systems subject to heating hardness salts can be deposited as the decomposition of bicarbonate ions creates carbonate ions that precipitate out of solution. Water with high concentrations of hardness salts can be treated with soda ash (sodium carbonate) which precipitates out the excess salts, through the common-ion effect, producing calcium carbonate of very high purity. The precipitated calcium carbonate is traditionally sold to the manufacturers of toothpaste. Several other methods of industrial and residential water treatment are claimed (without general scientific acceptance) to include the use of magnetic and/or electrical fields reducing the effects of hard water. 3. Plumbosolvency reduction: In areas with naturally acidic waters of low conductivity (i.e. surface rainfall in upland mountains of igneous rocks), the water may be capable of dissolving lead from any lead pipes that it is carried in. The addition of small quantities of phosphate ion and increasing the pH slightly both assist in greatly reducing plumbo-solvency by creating insoluble lead salts on the inner surfaces of the pipes. 4. Radium Removal: Some groundwater sources contain radium, a radioactive chemical element. Typical sources include many groundwater sources north of the Illinois Riverin Illinois. Radium can be removed by ion exchange, or by water conditioning. The back flush or sludge that is produced is, however, a low-level radioactive waste. 5. Fluoride Removal: Although fluoride is added to water in many areas, some areas of the world have excessive levels of natural fluoride in the source water. Excessive levels can be toxic or cause undesirable cosmetic effects such as staining of teeth. Methods of reducing fluoride levels is through treatment with activated alumina and bone charfilter media. Other water purification techniques Other popular methods for purifying water, especially for local private supplies are listed below. In some countries some of these methods are also used for large scale municipal supplies. Particularly important are distillation (de-salination of seawater) and reverse osmosis. 1. Boiling: Bringing it to its boiling point at 100 °C (212 °F), is the oldest and most effective way since it eliminates most microbes causing intestine related diseases, but it cannot remove chemical toxins or impurities. For human health, complete sterilization of water is not required, since the heat resistant microbes are not intestine affecting. The traditional advice of boiling water for ten minutes is mainly for additional safety, since microbes start getting eliminated at temperatures greater than 60 °C (140 °F). Though the boiling point decreases with increasing altitude, it is not enough to affect the disinfecting process. In areas where the water is “hard” (that is, containing significant dissolved calcium salts), boiling decomposes the bicarbonate ions, resulting in partial precipitation as calcium carbonate. This is the “fur” that builds up on kettle elements, etc., in hard water areas. With the exception of calcium, boiling does not remove solutes of higher boiling point than water and in fact increases their concentration (due to some water being lost as vapour). Boiling does not leave a residual disinfectant in the water. Therefore, water that is boiled and then stored for any length of time may acquire new pathogens. 2. Granular Activated Carbon filtering: a form of activated carbon with a high surface area, adsorbs many compounds including many toxic compounds. Water passing through activated carbon is commonly used in municipal regions with organic contamination, taste or odors. Many household water filters and fish tanks use activated carbon filters to further purify the water. Household filters for drinking water sometimes contain silver as metallic silver nanoparticle. If water is held in the carbon block for longer period, microorganisms can grow inside which results in fouling and contamination. Silver nanoparticles are excellent anti-bacterial material and they can decompose toxic halo-organic compounds such as pesticides into non-toxic organic products. 3. Distillation involves boiling the water to produce water vapour. The vapour

Q.1 Which of the following belongs to the Aves ? 1) Bat 2) Crow 3) Parrot 4) Eagle Codes: A) 2,3,4 B) 1,3,4 C) 1,2,3 D) 1,2,3,4 Ans. A   Q.2 Which of the following rays are used in CT Scan ? A) Visible light B) Infra red rays C) Ultrasonic waves D) X-rays Ans. C   Q.3 What name has been given to the ICBM developed by India with a range of more than 2000 km ? A) Trishul B) Prithvi C) Agni II D) Akash Ans. C   Q.4 Which of the following has the highest share in the power generation ? A) Nuclear power B) Hydro power C) Thermal power D) All of the above Ans. C   Q.5 In context with the news, what was nano humming bird ? A) New variety of honey bee B) New species of hitherto undiscovered humming bird C) Small electric car that can take 3600 turn D) An unmanned spy plane developed in U.S.A Ans. D   Q.6 Pink revolution is related to : A) Garlic B) Onion C) Grapes D) Cotton Ans. D   Q.7 Which of the following are correct ? 1) Mirage is an optical illusion arising due to Total Internal Reflection of light 2) Concave mirrors are used in search of lights 3) In summer white or light coloured clothes are preffered to dark coloured clothes 4) Convex mirror with a small aperture is used by the doctors to examine ear , nose & throat Codes: A) 1,3,4 B) 2,3,4 C) 1,2,3 D) 1,2,3,4 Ans. C   Q.8 In context with the Graphene which among the following statements are correct ? 1) It is an allotrope of carbon with single-layer transparent sheet 2) It has a low weight which makes it strong 100 times more than the steel 3) It has a two dimensional properties Codes: A) 1 & 3 B) 2 & 3 C) 1 & 2 D) 1,2,3 Ans. D Graphene is pure carbon in the form of a very thin, nearly transparent sheet, one atom thick. It is remarkably strong for its very low weight (100 times stronger than steel and it conducts heat and electricity with great efficiency. While scientists had theorized about graphene for decades, it was first produced in the lab in 2004.  Because it is virtually two-dimensional, it interacts oddly with light and with other materials. Researchers have identified the bipolar transistor effect, ballistic transport of charges and large quantum oscillations.   Q.9 In context with the Biofertiliser, which among the following are correct ? 1)  It contains living microorganisms that promotes growth by increasing the availability of primary nutrients 2) Bio-fertilizers add nutrients through the natural processes of nitrogen fixation 3)  The microorganisms in bio-fertilizers restore the soil’s natural nutrient cycle and build soil organic matter. 4) Bio-fertilizers do not contain any chemicals which are harmful to the living soil 5) They fulfil plant nutrient requirements by supplying the organic nutrients through microorganism and their byproducts Codes: A) 1,3,4,5 B) 2,3,4,5 C) 1,2,3,4 D) 1,2,3,4,5 Ans. D   Q.10 Which among the following statements are correct regarding Biopesticides : 1) Biopesticides  function in photosynthesis &  growth of plant physiology 2) Their biodegradable, economical and renewable alternatives enable them to use under the organic farming systems Codes: A) Only 1 B) Only 2 C) Both are correct D) Both are incorrect Ans. C      

Q.1 Statements: 1) Carbon, Hydrogen & Oxygen are the constituents of the Carbohydrates 2) Carbon, Hydrogen , Oxygen & Nitrogen are the constituents of the Proteins Codes: A) Only 1 B) Only 2 C) Both are correct D) Both are incorrect Ans. C   Q.2 Statements: 1) Speed of Sound travels faster in hot air than in cold air 2) Speed of the sound gets affected due to the change in the density of the material Codes: A) Only 1 B) Only 2 C) Both are correct D) Both are incorrect Ans. C   Q.3 Statements: 1) Perform Achieve & Trade are based on enhancement of energy efficiency 2) Uranium-235 & Plutonium-233 are the fissile materials while Uranium-238 & Plutonium-239 are the fertile material Codes: A) Only 1 B) Only 2 C) Both are correct D) Both are incorrect Ans. C   Q.4  In context with the Probiotics, which among the following are correct ? 1) These are the organisms that are helpful in contributing health of the digestive tract 2) Effect of probiotics may get reduced when supplemented with the Antibiotics 3) Probiotics can be received only from outside source Codes: A) 1 & 3 B) 2 & 3 C) Only 1 D) 1,2,3 Ans. C Probiotic in association with Antibiotic are beneficial as they can prevent antibiotic associated diarrhea Not only additional supplements are needed as it can be provided through Mother’s mik also.   Q.5 In context with the Neutrinos, which among the following are correct ? 1) They have neutral charge & low mass 2) They travel with speed less than the speed of light 3) They can pass through matter very easily Codes: A) 1 & 3 B) 2 & 3 C) 1 & 2 D) 1,2,3 Ans. D   Q.6 Which of the following acids is present in sour milk products ? A) Tartaric acid B) Acetic acid C) Lactic acid D) Butyric acid Ans. C   Q.7 A cut diamond shines brilliantly due to : A) Total Internal Reflection B) Absorption of light C) Its molecular structure D) Some other inherent property Ans. A   Q.8 In context with the news what is SLINEX II ? A) Joint naval exercise conducted by India & Sri lanka B) A battleship built in India C) A modern army tank D) An atomic submarine Ans. A   Q.9 Nependthes Khasiana, a rare endangered plant is found in : A) Himachal Pradesh B) Madhya Pradesh C) Meghalaya D) Uttar Pradesh Ans. B   Q.10 Opium is obtained from which of the following part of the poppy plant ? A) Unripe fruits B) Flower C) Leaves D) Roots Ans. A  

Q.1 Consider the statements relating to plasma polymerisation technology that is in news: 1)This innovation is helpful  to purify water through the rapid removal of oily pollutants 2) It develops  surface engineered silica particles for oil removal Codes: A) Only 1 B) Only 2 C) Both are correct D) both are incorrect Ans. C   Q.2 Consider the statements relating to new technology “new lighting solution” : 1) New lighting solution is at least twice as efficient as compact fluorescent (CFL) bulbs and on par with LEDs 2) These bulbs won’t shatter and contaminate a home like CFLs or emit a bluish light like LED counterparts. 3) They get to full brightness when they’re switched on comparing to CFL in which Slow warm-up is one of the big irritants. Options: A) 1 &3 B) 2 & 3 C) 1,2,3 D) Only 2 Ans. C   Q.3 Consider the statements relating to Aakash 2 tablet: 1) This tablet has better & advanced features including webcam & bluetooth 2) Internet dongle like TATA, Reliance and Other services to browse net are not available. 3) One can easily connect You Ubislate 7 via GPRS or WiFi. Codes: A) 1 & 2 B) Only 2 C) only 3 D) 2 & 3 Ans. D   Q. 4 Consider the differences between Plasma TV & LCD TV : 1) LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) televisions are primarily composed of a liquid crystal solution divided into individual pixels, which is sandwiched between two glass plates while in Plasma TV the panels house thousands of gas  in which electrical current is used to turn the gas into plasma, which generates an ultraviolet light that causes the phosphors to glow, creating the desired image. 2) LCDs have better resolution,longer life span & viewing distance comparative to Plasma TV. 3) plasma TV has greater contrast ratio, screen size & viewing angle comparative to LCD. Codes: A) Only 1 B) 1 & 3 C) 2 & 3 D) 1,2,3 Ans. D How does LCD technology work? LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) televisions are primarily composed of a liquid crystal solution divided into individual pixels, which is sandwiched between two glass plates. A backlight is used to beam light through the first plate, and an electrical current is passed through the crystals. The amount of charge applied to each crystal causes it to allow a certain degree of light to pass through. The resulting crystal formation is what forms the displayed image.   How does Plasma technology work? Like LCDs, Plasma screens are composed of two glass panels. The difference between the two technologies lies in the substance between these two panels. Instead of filtering light, the panels house thousands of gas chambers, each behind red, blue, and green phosphors. An electrical current is used to turn the gas into plasma, which generates an ultraviolet light that causes the phosphors to glow, creating the desired image.   What are the advantages of LCD? Better resolution LCDs generally have higher native resolutions in comparison to their Plasma alternatives. It is much more common to find an LCD TV outputting 1080p HDTV resolution than a Plasma TV. Longer lifespan LCD displays are generally regarded as longer-lasting than Plasmas, although both these time frames are quite large. For example, the 60,000 hour life span of an LCD TV would mean that even if you watched TV for 24 hours a day, 365 days a year, you would still get more than 6 years of usage. Viewing distance The pixel structure and panel measurements of LCDs allow these television to output a smoother picture than their Plasma equivalents. As a result, at closer distances the pixel structure of LCD screens is less visible. What are the disadvantages of LCD? Dead pixel susceptibility Over their lifespan, individual pixels on an LCD television can burn out which stops them functioning correctly. As a result a small black or white dot can permanently appear on an LCD screen. While this is often unnoticeable, large clusters of dead pixels can become an annoyance. Blurring Due to higher pixel response times, during high motion scenes such as in action films or sporting events LCD televisions can experience blurred images. However, newer LCD models have lowered the pixel response time, making blurring less of an issue during fast moving scenes. Viewing angle As LCDs were initially designed as single-user computer monitors there is a gradual degradation in picture quality as you view LCD televisions from wider angles. What are the advantages of Plasma? Greater contrast ratio A television’s contrast ratio is a measure between the darkest and lightest colours outputted. Plasma televisions frequently boast far higher contrast ratios than LCDs and so are able to display deeper blacks. Screen size As Plasma technology is widely believed to more suitable for larger size televisions there is a wider range of large, 40 inch plus Plasma televisions available in comparison to LCD offerings. Viewing angle As the pixels on Plasma televisions produce their own individual light, Plasma televisions boast higher viewing angles. This is ideal if you will not always be viewing the television from directly in front of it. What are the disadvantages of Plasma? Burn in Plasmas, unlike LCD screens, are susceptible to screen burn in. This occurs if the same image is displayed for a prolonged amount of time, causing an outline of the image to be permanently burnt into the screen. Power consumption Plasma televisions typically require much more electricity than an LCD television since instead of a using a fluorescent backlight like in an LCD, Plasma TVs require than each individual pixel is illuminated. Resolution output Plasma televisions tend to output in resolutions of 1024×728 and then use internal scalars to display high definition resolutions of 720p or 1080p. LCD televisions often use these HDTV resolutions natively.   Q. 5 Scientists have innovated new technique to improve quality control of lithium-ion batteries, consider the statements; 1) Lithium ions travel from the anode to the cathode while the battery is

Q.1 Which among the following statements are correct ? 1) Wireless LAN protocols, such as Bluetooth and the IEEE 802.11 specification use microwaves in the 2.4 GHz ISM band 2) (MAN) protocols, such as WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) are based on standards such as IEEE 802.16, designed to operate between 2 to 11 GHz 3) Mobile Broadband Wireless Access (MBWA) protocols operate between 1.6 and 2.3 GHz 4) Mobile phone networks, like GSM, use the low-microwave/high-UHF frequencies around 1.8 and 1.9 GHz Codes: A) 1,3,4 B) 2,3,4 C) 1,2,3 D) 1,2,3,4 Ans. D   Q.2 Which among the following statements are correct in context with the LED & LCD ? 1) LCD televisions produce a black and colored image provided by a series of cold cathode fluorescent lamps (CCFLs) 2) LED require more precise current and heat management than compact fluorescent lamp 3) LED have many advantages like  lower energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved physical robustness, smaller size Codes: A) 1 & 3 B) 2 & 3 C) 1 & 2 D) 1,2,3 Ans. D LCD Advantages Brightness Produces very bright images due to high peak intensity. Very suitable for environments that are brightly lit . Emissions Produce considerably lower electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields than CRTs. Geometric Distortion No geometric distortion at the native resolution. Minor distortion can occur for other resolutions. Power Consumption Energy efficient. Consume less than 1/3 the power of a comparable CRT. Consume less electricity than a CRT and produce little heat. Physical Aspects Take up about 40% less desk space. LCDs are thin and compact. Screen Shape  Completely flat screen. Sharpness At the native resolution, the image is perfectly sharp. Adjustments are required at all other resolutions which can result in measurable degradation to the image. LCD Disadvantages Aspect Ratio  The aspect ratio and resolution are fixed. Black-Level   Not proficient at producing black and very dark grays. In a “standard” configuration, not appropriate for use in dimly lit and dark conditions. Contrast  Lower contrast than CRTs due to a poor black-level. Color and Gray-Scale Accuracy  Color saturation is reduced at low intensity levels due to a poor black-level. Images are satisfactory, but not accurate due to problems with black-level, gray-scale and Gamma. Cost   Considerably more expensive purchase price than comparable CRTs . (Cheaper lifetime cost: lasts about 13,000 – 15,000 more hours than a typical CRT.) Gray-Scale Have an irregular intensity scale and typically produce fewer than 256 discrete intensity levels. For some LCDs portions of the gray-scale may be dithered. Motion Artifacts Slow response times and scan rate conversion result in severe motion artifacts and image degradation for moving or rapidly changing images. Resolution Works best at the native resolution. The native resolution can not be changed. All other resolutions require adjusting procedures which can cause considerable deterioration of the image. Viewing Angle Restricted viewing angles. Viewing angles affect the brightness, contrast and colors shown. Wide angles can lead to contrast and color reversal. White Saturation Saturation and compression can occur due to the bright-end of the intensity scale becoming overloaded. Contrast control must be carefully adjusted. Advantages of using LEDs > LEDs produce more light per watt than do incandescent bulbs; this is useful in battery powered or energy saving devices. > LEDs can emit light of an intended color without the use of color filters that traditional lighting methods require. This is more efficient and can lower initial costs. > The solid package of the LED can be designed to focus its light. Incandescent and fluorescent sources often require an external reflector to collect light and direct it in a usable manner. > When used in applications where dimming is required, LEDs do not change their color tint as the current passing through them is lowered, unlike incandescent lamps, which turn yellow. > LEDs are ideal for use in applications that are subject to frequent on-off cycling, unlike fluorescent lamps that burn out more quickly when cycled frequently, or HID lamps that require a long time before restarting. > LEDs, being solid state components, are difficult to damage with external shock. Fluorescent and incandescent bulbs are easily broken if subjected to external shock. > LEDs can have a relatively long useful life. Reports estimates 60,000 hours of useful life, though time to complete failure longer.2 Fluorescent tubes typically are rated at about 30,000 hours, HID and MH are rated anywhere between 10,000 and 24,000 hours and incandescent light bulbs at 1,000–2,000 hours. > LEDs mostly fail by dimming over time, rather than the abrupt burn-out of incandescent or HID bulbs.3 This provides extra safety for any area illuminated by LEDs. Even if the LEDs dim over time, they never fail completely like HID sources before needing to be replaced. LEDs need to be replaced only after they reach 30% lumen depreciation (17-20 years for quality LEDs). > LEDs light up very quickly. A typical red indicator LED will achieve full brightness in microseconds; Philips Lumileds technical datasheet DS23 for the Luxeon Star states “less than 100ns.” LEDs used in communications devices can have even faster response times. > LEDs can be very small and are easily populated onto printed circuit boards. > LEDs do not contain mercury, unlike compact fluorescent lamps. Disadvantages of using LEDs   > On an initial capital cost basis, LEDs are currently more expensive, measured in price per lumen, than more conventional lighting technologies. The additional expense partially stems from the relatively low lumen output, combined with the cost of the drive circuitry and power supplies needed. However, when considering the total cost of ownership (including energy and maintenance costs), LEDs far surpass other sources. In December 2007, scientists at Glasgow University claimed to have found a way to make Light Emitting Diodes brighter and use less power than energy efficient light bulbs currently on the market by imprinting holes into billions of LEDs in a new and cost effective method using a process known as nanoimprint lithography.4 Around the same time, in Montreal

Q.1 Consider the statements regarding SPOT-6 Rocket :   1) It has been launched by the DRDO   2) It is a French satellite launched from in its 100th mission   Codes:   A) Only 1   B) Only 2   C) Both are correct   D) Both are incorrect   Ans. B   It has been launched by the ISRO   Q.2 Consider the statements regarding Blue-Ray disk :   1) It has the same size as DVDs and CDs.   2) It is capable of storing high-definition video resolution   3) DVD uses a 650 nm red laser while Blu-ray Disc uses a 405 nm “blue” laser diode   Codes:   A) Only 2   B) 1 & 3   C) 2 & 3   D) 1,2,3   Ans. D   Blu-ray Disc (BD) is a digital optical disc data storage format designed to supersede the DVD format, in that it is capable of storing high-definition video resolution (1080p). The plastic disc is 120 mm in diameter and 1.2 mm thick, the same size as DVDs and CDs. Conventional (pre-BD-XL) Blu-ray Discs contain 25 GB per layer, with dual layer discs (50 GB) being the industry standard for feature-length video discs. Triple layer discs (100 GB) and quadruple layers (128 GB) are available for BD-XL re-writer drives. The name Blu-ray Disc refers to the blue laser used to read the disc, which allows information to be stored at a greater density than is possible with the longer-wavelength red laser used for DVDs. The major application of Blu-ray Discs is as a medium for video material such as feature films and physical distribution of video games for the PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One. Besides the hardware specifications, Blu-ray Disc is associated with a set of multimedia formats. These formats allow for the option of video and audio to be stored with greater definition than on DVD   Q.3 What are the implications of the pre natal Diagnostic techniques Act ? 1) Bringing ultrasound within its ambit 2) Empowering appropriate authorities with the power of civil court for search, seizure and sealing the machines 3) Empowering the central supervisory board, constitution of state level supervisory board Codes: A) 1 & 3 B) 2 & 3 C) 1 & 2 D) 1,2,3 Ans. D Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (PCPNDT) Act, 1994 is an Act of the Parliament of India enacted to stop female foeticides and arrest the declining sex ratio in India. The act banned prenatal sex determination.   Q.4 Which of the following are the Millenium Development Goals ? 1) To promote gender equality 2) To eradicate extreme poverty and hunger 3) To improve maternal health 4) To combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases 5) To ensure environmental sustainability Codes: A) 1,3,4,5 B) 2,3,4,5 C) 1,2,3,4 D) 1,2,3,4,5 Ans. D The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are eight international development goals that were established following the Millennium Summit of the United Nations in 2000, following the adoption of the United Nations Millennium Declaration. All 189 United Nations member states at the time (there are 193 currently) and at least 23 international organizations committed to help achieve the following Millennium Development Goals by 2015   Q.5 Which of the following drugs are used as the performance enhancing drugs ? 1) Ethanol 2) Beta-2 agonists 3) Anabolic steroids 4) Xenoandrogens Codes: A) 2 & 3 B) 2 & 4 C) 1 & 3 D) All above are correct Ans. D   Q.6 Which among the following statements are correct regarding Endosulphan ? 1) It is used to control insect pests 2)  It is useful in resistance management 3) It is considered moderately toxic to honey bees Codes: A) 1 & 3 B) 2 & 3 C) 1 & 2 D) 1,2,3 Ans. D Endosulfan is an off-patent organochlorine insecticide and acaricide that is being phased out globally. The two isomers, endo and exo, are known popularly as I and II. Endosulfan sulfate is a product of oxidation containing one extra O atom attached to the S atom. Endosulfan became a highly controversial agrichemical due to its acute toxicity, potential for bioaccumulation, and role as anendocrine disruptor. Because of its threats to human health and the environment, a global ban on the manufacture and use of endosulfan was negotiated under the Stockholm Convention in April 2011. The ban will take effect in mid-2012, with certain uses exempted for five additional years. More than 80 countries, including the European Union, Australia, New Zealand, several West African nations, the United States. Brazil, and Canada had already banned it or announced phase-outs by the time the Stockholm Convention ban was agreed upon. It is still used extensively in India, China, and few other countries. It is produced byMakhteshim Agan and several manufacturers in India and China.   Q.7 Why bacteria of Tubersulosis develop resistance to some drugs ? 1) Cell wall of bacteria acts as a permeability barrier from drugs 2) Spontaneous mutations in the bacteria can give rise to proteins that make the bacterium drug resistant Codes: A) Only 1 B) Only 2 C) Both are correct D) Both are incorrect Ans. C Multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is defined as tuberculosis that is resistant to at least isoniazid (INH) and rifampicin(RMP), the two most powerful first-line treatment anti-TB drugs. Isolates that are multiply resistant to any other combination of anti-TB drugs but not to INH and RMP are not classed as MDR-TB. MDR-TB develops in otherwise treatable TB when the course of antibiotics is interrupted and the levels of drug in the body are insufficient to kill 100% of bacteria. This can happen for a number of reasons: Patients may feel better and halt their antibiotic course, drug supplies may run out or become scarce, patients may forget to take their medication from time to time or patients do not receive effective therapy. Most tuberculosis therapy consists of short-course chemotherapy which is only curing a small percentage of patients with multi-drug resistant tuberculosis.