Q.1 Which among the following are the sources of Bio-asphalt ?
1. Natural tree
2. Gum resins
3. Molasses
4. Waste of canola oil
Select the correct answer using the codes given below :
A) 1 & 3
B) 2 & 3
C) 1,2,4
D) 1,2,3,4
Ans. D
It is an asphalt alternative made from non-petroleum based renewable resources Non-petroleum based bitumen binders can be colored, which can reduce the temperatures of road surfaces and reduce the Urban heat islands. Bitumen can also be made from waste vacuum tower bottoms produced in the process of cleaning used motor oils, which are normally burned or dumped into land fills.
Q.2 Which of the following is/are true with respect to the coliform bacteria?
1. These are present in large numbers in the feces of cold-blooded animals
2. These are restricted to the aquatic environment
3. These are the common indicator of sanitary quality of foods and water
Select the correct answer using the codes given below :
A) Only 1
B) 2 & 3
C) Only 3
D) 1,2,3
Ans. C
Coliform bacteria are defined as rod-shaped Gram-negative non-spore forming and motile or non-motile bacteria which can ferment lactosewith the production of acid and gas when incubated at 35–37°C. They are a commonly used indicator of sanitary quality of foods and water. Coliforms can be found in the aquatic environment, in soil and on vegetation; they are universally present in large numbers in the feces of warm-blooded animals. Whilst coliforms themselves are not normally causes of serious illness, they are easy to culture, and their presence is used to indicate that other pathogenic organisms of fecal origin may be present. Such pathogens include disease-causing bacteria, viruses, or protozoa and many multicellular parasites. Coliform procedures are performed in aerobic or anaerobic conditions.
Q.3 With reference to the S-band spectrum, consider the following statements :
1. It is part of the microwave & Infrared band of the electromagnetic spectrum
2. It is standard for radio waves with frequencies that range from 2 to 4 GHz,
3. The S band is used by all communications satellites to communicate with the Space Shuttle and the International Space Station.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below :
A) 1 & 3
B) Only 2
C) 2 & 3
D) 1 & 2
Ans. B
The S band is part of the microwave band of the electromagnetic spectrum. It is defined by an IEEE standard for radio waves with frequencies that range from 2 to 4 GHz, crossing the conventional boundary between UHF and SHF at 3.0 GHz. The S band is used by weather radar, surface ship radar, and some communications satellites, especially those used by NASA to communicate with the Space Shuttle and the International Space Station. The 10 cm radar short-band ranges roughly from 1.55 to 5.2 GHz. In some countries, S band is used for Direct-to-Home satellite television (unlike similar services in most countries, which use Ku band). The frequency typically allocated for this service is 2.5 to 2.7 GHz (LOF 1.570 GHz).
Q.4 Which among the following is/are true with respect to the Bio banks ?
1. It is an organized collection of only human biological material for research purposes
2. Population-based biobanks need particular hospital affiliation to look for biomarkers for disease susceptibility
Select the correct answer using the codes given below :
A) Only 1
B) Only 2
C) Both are correct
D) Both are incorrect
Ans. D
It as “an organized collection of human biological material and associated information stored for one or more research purposes”. Collections of plant, animal, microbe, and other nonhuman materials may also be described as biobanks but in some discussions the term is reserved for human specimens. Disease-oriented biobanks usually have a hospital affiliation through which they collect samples representing a variety of diseases, perhaps to look for biomarkers affiliated with disease.Population-based biobanks need no particular hospital affiliation because they take samples from large numbers of all kinds of people, perhaps to look for biomarkers for disease susceptibility in a general population.
Q.5 Which among the following is/are true with respect to the Clonal Seed production ?
1. The genotype of the embryo & the resulting plant will be same as the seed parent
2. It is a type of reproduction in which seeds are formed without union of gamets
Select the correct answer using the codes given below :
A) Only 1
B) Only 2
C) Both are correct
D) Both are incorrect
Ans. C
FRAMED FROM WIKIPEDIA
Q.6 Which among the following is/are the tributaries of the Manjra river ?
1. Teru
2. Gharni
3. Lendi
Select the correct answer using the codes given below :
A) Only 2
B) 2 & 3
C) 1 & 3
D) 1,2,3
Ans. D
Manjiira is a tributary of the river Godavari. It passes through the states of Maharashtra, Karnataka and Telangana. It originates in the Balaghat range of hills near Ahmednagar district at an altitude of 823 metres (2,700 ft) and empties into the Godavari River.
It flows on the Balaghat plateau along with its tributaries: Terna, Tawarja and Gharni. The other three tributaries of Manjara are Manyad, Teru and Lendi which flow on the northern plains.
FRAMED FROM WIKIPEDIA
Q.7 Protein extract of which of the following is suitable for human consumption or as animal feeds ?
1. Bacteria
2. Fungi
3. Algae
Select the correct answer using the codes given below :
A) Only 3
B) 1 & 2
C) 2 & 3
D) 1,2,3
Ans. D
Single-cell protein (SCP) refers to edible unicellular microorganisms. The biomass or protein extract from pure or mixed cultures of algae, yeasts, fungi or bacteria may be used as an ingredient or a substitute for protein-rich foods, and is suitable for human consumption or as animal feeds. Single-cell proteins develop when microbes ferment waste materials (including wood, straw, cannery, and food-processing wastes, residues from alcohol production, hydrocarbons, or human and animal excreta).[17] The problem with extracting single-cell proteins from the wastes is the dilution and cost.
Q.8 Which among the following is/are classified as Fungus ?
1. Molds
2. Yeast
3. Slime Molds
Select the correct answer using the codes given below :
A) 1 & 2
B) Only 2
C) 2 & 3
D) 1,2,3
Ans. A
Fungus is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as a kingdom, Fungi, which is separate from the other eukaryotic life kingdoms of plants and animals.
A characteristic that places fungi in a different kingdom from plants, bacteria, and some protists is chitin in their cell walls. Similar to animals, fungi are heterotrophs; they acquire their food by absorbing dissolved molecules, typically by secreting digestive enzymes into their environment. Fungi do not photosynthesise.
Fungi are the principal decomposers in ecological systems.
Like plants, fungi often grow in soil and, in the case of mushrooms, form conspicuous fruit bodies, which sometimes resemble plants such as mosses. The fungi are now considered a separate kingdom, distinct from both plants and animals,
With animals: Fungi lack chloroplasts and are heterotrophic organisms and so require preformed organic compounds as energy sources.
With plants: Fungi have a cell wall and vacuoles.They reproduce by both sexual and asexual means, and like basal plant groups (such as ferns and mosses) produce spores. Similar to mosses and algae, fungi typically have haploid nuclei.
similar-looking organisms, such as filamentous green algae, grow by repeated cell division within a chain of cells.There are also single-celled fungi (yeasts) that do not form hyphae, and some fungi have both hyphal and yeast forms
The fungal cell wall is composed of glucans and chitin; while glucans are also found in plants and chitin in the exoskeleton of arthropods.
Most fungi lack an efficient system for the long-distance transport of water and nutrients, such as the xylem and phloem in many plants. To overcome this limitation, some fungi, such as Armillaria, form rhizomorphs,which resemble and perform functions similar to the roots of plants.
Most food-spoilage molds, most plant pathogenic fungi, and the beer, wine, and bread yeasts.
water molds (oomycetes) and hyphochytrids (both Stramenopiles) were formerly classified in the kingdom Fungi, in groups like Mastigomycotina, Gymnomycota and Phycomycetes. The slime molds were studied also as protozoans, leading to a ambiregnal, duplicated taxonomy.
Lichens occur in every ecosystem on all continents, play a key role in soil formation and the initiation of biological succession,[154] and are prominent in some extreme environments, including polar, alpine, and semiarid desert regions.They are able to grow on inhospitable surfaces, including bare soil, rocks, tree bark, wood, shells, barnacles and leaves
Certain types of cheeses require inoculation of milk curds with fungal species that impart a unique flavor and texture to the cheese. Examples include the blue color in cheeses such as Stilton or Roquefort, which are made by inoculation with Penicillium roqueforti. Molds used in cheese production are non-toxic and are thus safe for human consumption;
Many mushroom species are poisonous to humans, with toxicities ranging from slight digestive problems or allergic reactions as well as hallucinations to severe organ failures and death.
Fungi are used extensively to produce industrial chemicals like citric, gluconic, lactic, and malic acids.
Q.9 Which among the following plants can be regarded as a haven for people with pollen allergies ?
1. Summer grass
2. Oak
3. Arizona
Select the correct answer using the codes given below :
A) 1 & 2
B) 2 & 3
C) 1 & 2
D) Only 3
Ans. D
Pollen: Pollen itself is not the male gamete.Each pollen grain contains vegetative (non-reproductive) cells (only a single cell in most flowering plants but several in other seed plants) and a generative (reproductive) cell. In flowering plants the vegetative tube cell produces the pollen tube, and the generative cell divides to form the two sperm cell Non-flowering seed plants (e.g. pine trees) are characteristically anemophilous. Anemophilous flowering plants generally have inconspicuous flowers. Entomophilous (literally insect-loving) plants produce pollen that is relatively heavy, sticky and protein-rich, for dispersal by insect pollinators attracted to their flowers. Many insects and some mitesare specialized to feed on pollen, and are called palynivores. Anemophilous spring blooming plants such as oak, birch, hickory, pecan, and early summer grasses may also induce pollen allergies. Most cultivated plants with showy flowers are entomophilous and do not cause pollen allergies. Arizona was once regarded as a haven for people with pollen allergies, although several ragweed species grow in the desert. However, as suburbs grew and people began establishing irrigated lawns and gardens, more irritating species of ragweed gained a foothold and Arizona lost its claim of freedom from hay fever.
Q.10 Which among the following is/are correct with respect to the Micropropagation ?
1. It is the only viable method of regenerating genetically modified cells after protoplast fusion.
2. All the progeny plants are vulnerable to the same infections.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below :
A) Only 1
B) Only 2
C) Both are correct
D) Both are incorrect
Ans. C
Micropropagation has a number of advantages over traditional plant propagation techniques:
• The main advantage of micropropagation is the production of many plants that are clones of each other.
• Micropropagation can be used to produce disease-free plants.
• It can have an extraordinarily high fecundity rate, producing thousands of propagules while conventional techniques might only produce a fraction of this number.
• It is the only viable method of regenerating genetically modified cells or cells after protoplast fusion.
• It is useful in multiplying plants which produce seeds in uneconomical amounts, or when plants are sterile and do not produce viable seeds or when seed cannot be stored (see recalcitrant seeds).
• Micropropagation often produces more robust plants, leading to accelerated growth compared to similar plants produced by conventional methods – like seeds or cuttings.
• Some plants with very small seeds, including most orchids, are most reliably grown from seed in sterile culture.
• A greater number of plants can be produced per square meter and the propagules can be stored longer and in a smaller area.
Micropropagation is not always the perfect means of multiplying plants. Conditions that limits its use include:
• It is very expensive, and can have a labour cost of more than 70%.
• A monoculture is produced after micropropagation, leading to a lack of overall disease resilience, as all progeny plants may be vulnerable to the same infections.
• An infected plant sample can produce infected progeny. This is uncommon as the stock plants are carefully screened and vetted to prevent culturing plants infected with virus or fungus.
• Not all plants can be successfully tissue cultured, often because the proper medium for growth is not known or the plants produce secondary metabolic chemicals that stunt or kill the explant.
• Sometimes plants or cultivars do not come true to type after being tissue cultured. This is often dependent on the type of explant material utilized during the initiation phase or the result of the age of the cell or propagule line.
Some plants are very difficult to disinfect of fungal organism.
