Raashid Shah

The miseries of the world cannot be cured by physical help only. Until man’s nature changes, his physical needs will always arise, and miseries will always be felt, and no amount of physical help will remove them completely. The only solution of the problem is to make mankind pure. Ignorance is the mother of evil and of all the misery we see. Let men have light, let them be pure and spiritually strong and educated; then alone will misery cease in the world. We may convert every house in the country into a charitable asylum, we may fill land with hospitals, but human misery will continue until man’s character changes. 1. According to the passage, which of the following statements is most likely to be true as the reason for real miseries?a) The poor economic and social condition prevailing in society.b) The refusal on the part of man to change his society.c) absence of physical and material help from his society.d) Ever increasing physical needs due to changing social structure. 2. With reference to the passage, the following assumptions have been made:1. The author gives primary importance to physical and material help ill eradicating human misery.2. Charitable homes, hospitals, etc. can remove human misery to a great extent.Which of the assumptions is/are valid?a) 1 onlyb) 2 onlyc) Both 1 and 2d) Neither 1 or 2   BD    

The law in many parts of the world increasingly restricts the discharge of agricultural slurry into watercourses. The simplest and often the most economically sound practice returns the material to the land as semisolid manure or as sprayed slurry. This dilutes its concentration in the environment to what might have occurred In a more primitive and sustainable type of agriculture and converts pollutant into fertilizer. Soil microorganisms decompose the organic components of sewage and slurry and most of the mineral nutrients become available to be absorbed again by the vegetation. The excess input of nutrients, both nitrogen and phosphorus – based, from agricultural runoff (and human sewage) has caused many ‘healthy’ oligotrophic lakes (low nutrient concentrations, low plant productivity with abundant water weeds, and clear water) to change to eutrophic condition where high nutrient inputs lead to high phytoplankton productivity (sometimes dominated by bloom-forming toxic species). This makes and, in the worst situations, leads to anoxia and fish kills; so called cultural eutrophication. Thus, important ecosystem services are lost, including the provisioning service of wild-caught fish and the cultural services associated with recreation. The process of cultural eutrophication of lakes has been understood for some time. But only recently did scientist notice huge ‘dead zones’ in the oceans near river outlets, particularly those draining large catchment areas such as the Mississippi in North America and the Yangtze in China. The nutrient-enriched water flows through steams, rivers and lakes, and eventually to the estuary and ocean where the ecological impact may be huge, killing virtually all invertebrates and fish in areas up to 70,000 km2in extent. More than 150 sea areas worldwide are now regularly starved of oxygen as a result of decomposition of algal blooms, fuelled particularly by nitrogen from agricultural runoff of fertilizers and sewage from large cities. Oceanic dead zones are typically associated with industrialized nations and usually lie off countries that subsidize their agriculture, encouraging farmers to increase productivity and use more fertilizer. 1. According to the passage, why should the discharge of agricultural slurry into watercourses be restricted?1. Losing nutrients in this way is not a good practice economically.2. Watercourses do not contain the microorganisms that can decompose organic components of agricultural slurry.3. The discharge may lead to the eutrophication of water bodies.Select the correct answer using the code given below,a) 1 onlyb) 2 and 3 onlyc) 1 and 3 onlyd) 1, 2 and 3 2. The passage refers to the conversion of “pollutant to fertilizer”. What is pollutant and what is fertilizer in this context?a) Decomposed organic component of slurry is pollutant and microorganisms in soil constitute fertilizer.b) Discharged agricultural slurry is pollutant and decomposed slurry in soil is fertilizer.c) Sprayed slurry is pollutant and watercourse is fertilizer.d) None of the above expression is correct in the context. 3. According to the passage, what are the effects of indiscriminate use of fertilizers?1. Addition of pollutants to the soil and water.2. Destruction of decomposer microorganisms in soil.3. Nutrient enrichment of water bodies.4. Creation of algal blooms.Select the correct answer from the codes given below:a) 1, 2 and 3 onlyb) 1, 3 and 4 onlyc) 2 and 4 onlyd) 1, 2, 3 and 4 4. What is/are the characteristics of a water body with cultural eutrophication?1. Loss of ecosystem services2. Loss of flora and fauna3. Loss of mineral nutrientsSelect the correct answer using the code given below:a) 1 onlyb) 1 and 2 only c) 2 and 3 onlyd) 1, 2 and 3 5. What is the central theme of this passage?a) Appropriate legislation is essential to protect the environment.b) Modern agriculture is responsible for the destruction of environment.c) Improper waste disposal from agriculture can destroy the aquatic ecosystems.d) Use of chemical fertilizers is undesirable in agriculture.   CBBBC    

Passage Crude mineral oil comes out of the earth as a thick brown or black liquid with a strong smell, It is a complex mixture of many different substances, each with its own individual qualities, Most of them are combinations of hydrogen and carbon in varying proportions, Such hydrocarbons are also found in other forms such as bitumen, asphalt and natural gas, Mineral oil originates from the carcasses of tiny animals and from plants that live in the sea, Over millions of years, these dead creatures form large deposits under the sea-bed; and ocean currents cover them with a blanket of sand and silt. As this mineral hardens, it becomes sedimentary rock and effectively shuts out the oxygen so preventing the complete decomposition of the marine deposits underneath. The layers of sedimentary rock become thicker and heavier, Their pressure produces into crude oil in a process that is still going on today. 1. Mineral oil deposits under the sea do not get completely decomposed because theya) are constantly washed by the ocean currentb) become rock and prevent oxygen from entering themc) Contain a mixture of hydrogen and carbon.d) are carcasses of organisms lying in saline conditions. 2. Sedimentary rock leads to the formation of oil deposits becausea) there are no saline conditions below it.b) it allows some dissolved oxygen to enter the dead organic matter below it.c) Weight of overlying sediment layers causes the production of heat.d) it contains the substances catalyze the chemical reactions required to change dead organisms into oil.   BC    

Passage Financial markets in India have acquired greater depth and liquidity over the years, Steady reforms since 1991 have led to growing linkage ad integration of the Indian economy and its financial system with the global economy, and weak global economic financial markets therefore, have had their impact on the emerging market economies. Sovereign risk concerns, particularly in the Euro area, affected financial markets for the greater part of the year, with the contagion of Greece’s sovereign debt problem spreading to India and other economies by way of higher-than-normal levels of volatility. The funding constraints in international financial markets could impact both the availability and cost of foreign funding for banks and corporates. Since the India financial system is bank dominated, bank’s ability to withstand stress is critical to overall financial stability. Indian banks, however, remain robust, notwithstanding a decline in capital to risk-weighted assets ratio and a rise in non-performing asset levels in the recent past. Capital adequacy levels remain above the regulatory requirements. The financial market infrastructure continues to function without any major disruption. With further globalization, consolidation, deregulation and diversification of the financial system, the banking business may become more complex and riskier. Issues like risk and liquidity management and enhancing skill therefore assume greater significance. 1. According to the passage, the financial markets in the emerging market economies including India had the adverse impact in recent years due to1. weak global economic prospects2. uncertainties in the international financial markets.3. sovereign risk concerns in the Euro area.4. bad monsoons and the resultant crop loss.Select the correct answer using the codes given below:a) 1 and 2 onlyb) 1, 2 and 3c) 2 and 3 onlyd) 2, 3 and 4 only 2. The Indian financial markets are affected by global changes mainly due to thea) increased inflow of remittances from abroad.b) enormous Increase in the foreign exchange reserves.c) Growing global linkages and integration of the Indian financial markets.d) Contagion of Greece’s sovereign debt problem. 3. According to the passage, in the Indian financial system, banks’ ability to withstand stress is critical to ensure overall financial stability because Indian financial system isa) controlled by the Government of India.b) less integrated with banks.c) controlled by Reserve Bank of India.d) dominated by banks. 4. Risk and liquidity management assumes more importance in the Indian banking system in future due to1. further globalization.2. more consolidation and deregulation of the financial system.3. further diversification of the financial system.4. more financial inclusion In the economySelect the correct answer using the code given below:a) 1, 2 and 3b) 2, 3 and 4c) 1 and 2 onlyd) 3 and 4 only     BCDA    

A number of empirical studies find that farmers’ risk-averse, though only moderately in many cases. There is also evidence to show that farmer’s risk aversion results in cropping patterns and input use designed to reduce risk rather than to maximize income. Farmers adopt a number of strategies to manage and cope with agricultural risks. These include practices like crop and field diversification, non-farm employment of family members. There are also institutions ranging from share tenancy to kinship, extended family and informal credit agencies. One major obstacle to risk sharing by farmers is that the same type of risks can affect a large number of farmers in the region. Empirical studies show that the traditional methods are not adequate. Hence there is a need for policy interventions, especially measures that cut across geographical regions. Policies may aim to tackling agricultural risks directly or indirectly. Examples of risk-specific policies are crop insurance, price stabilization and the development of varieties resistant to pests and diseases. Policies which affect risk indirectly are irrigation, subsidized credit and access to information. No single risk-specific policy is sufficient to reduce risk and is without side-effects, whereas policies not specific to risk influence the general situation and affect risks only indirectly. Crop insurance, as a policy measure to tackle agricultural risk directly, deserves careful consideration in the Indian context and in many other developing countries because the majority of farmers depend on rain-fed agriculture and in many areas yield variability is the predominant cause of their income instability. 1. The need for policy intervention to mitigate risks in agriculture is becausea) Farmers are extremely risk-averse.b) Farmers do not know how to mitigate risks.c) The methods adopted by farmers and existing risk sharing institutions are not adequate.d) Majority of farms depend on rain-fed agriculture. 2. Which of the following observations emerges from the above passage?a) One can identify a single policy that can reduce risk without any side effect.b) No single risk-specific policy is sufficient to reduce agricultural risk.c) Policies which affect risk indirectly can eliminate it.d) Government’s policy intervention can mitigate agricultural risk completely.   CB  

Malnutrition most commonly occurs between the ages of six months and two years, This happens despite the child’s food requirements being less than that of an older child, Malnutrition is often attributed to poverty, but it has been found that even in households where adults eat adequate quantities of food, more than 50 per cent of children-under-five do not consume enough food, The child’s dependence on someone else to feed him/her is primarily responsible for the malnutrition, Very often the mother is working and the responsibility of feeding the young child is left to an older sibling, It is therefore crucial to increase awareness regarding the child’s food needs and how to satisfy them. 1. According to the passage, malnutrition in children can be reduceda) if the children have regular intake of food.b) after they cross the age of five.c) if the food needs of younger children are knownd) if the responsibility of feeding younger children is given to adults. 2. According to the author, poverty is not the main cause of malnutrition, but the fact that1. taking care of younger ones is not a priority for working mothers.2. awareness of nutritional needs is not propagated by the Public Health authorities.Select the correct answer using the codes given belowa) 1 onlyb) 2 onlyc) Both 1 and 2d) Neither 1 nor 2   CA

Corporate governance is based on principles such as conducting the business with all integrity and fairness, being transparent with regard to all transactions, making all the necessary disclosures and decisions, complying with all the laws of the land, accountability and responsibility towards the stakeholders and commitment to conducting business In an ethical manner, Another point which is highlighted on corporate governance is the need for those in control to be able to distinguish between what are personal and corporate funds while managing a company. Fundamentally, there is a level of confidence that is associated with a active group of independent directors on the board contributes a great deal towards ensuring confidence In the market. Corporate governance is known to be one of the criteria that foreign institutional investors are increasingly depending on when deciding on which companies to invest in. It is also known to have a positive influence on the share price of the company, Having a clean image on the corporate governance front could also make it easier for companies to source capital at more reasonable costs, Unfortunately, corporate governance often becomes the centre of discussion only after the exposure of a large scam. 1. According to the passage, which of the following should be the practice/practices in good corporate governance?1. Companies should always comply with labour and tax laws of the land.2. Every company in the country should have a government representative as one of the independent directors on the board to ensure transparency.3. The manager of a company should never invest his personal funds in the company. Select the correct answer using the codes given below:a) 1 onlyb) 2 and 3 onlyc) 1 and 3 onlyd) 1, 2 and 3 2. According to the passage, which of the following is/are the major benefit/benefits of good corporate governance?1, Good corporate governance leads to Increase In share price of the company.2, A company with good corporate governance always increases its business turnover rapidly.3, Good corporate governance is the main criterion for foreign institutional investors when they decide to buy a company.Select the correct answer using the codes given below:a) 1 onlyb) 2 and 3 onlyc) 1 and 3 onlyd) 1, 2 and 3   AA

PASSAGE The impact of technical advancement in armaments on man, needs to be analyzed with a rational mind, and heart free from prejudices of any kind towards modernisation. The most noticeable impact of this development certainly has been the loss of immunity from violence for successive generations ever since the invention of gunpowder. In modern times, the presence of technically advanced arms, not only at the fronts but also among the civilian population, has vastly undermined the value of human life, and endangered the very entity of those virtues of self-restraint and discretion, on which. a peaceful and amiable society rests. However, an unbiased view of the present scenario, would refrain one from attributing the rising trends of violence to the availability of technically superior weapons, for one must not overlook the fact that Necessity is the mother of invention. Every stage in the development of armaments has been marked by its distinct impact on society. When man fought with stones and his bare hands, the society was not yet compact. The discovery of metal and the use of spears, knives and arrows indicate the stage of the formation of small kingdoms. Fire continued to be an effective weapon of destruction. When man introduced the cavalry into the army and improved the strategies of making war, some small kingdoms gave away to form empires, but with no revolutionary advances in armaments forthcoming, the political structure of society remained mare or less stagnant for the many coming centuries. The next significant development was the use of gunpowder, which could be used to perform acts which were then thought to be impossible. Gunpowder was used to form the ammunition of several guns and canons. This sudden advances in weaponry not only facilitated the control of a large mass of people by relatively few armed men that helping to form strong empires, but the availability of the new technology to a select few nations enabled the formation of colonies in continents which did not have access to the modernized technologies of warfare. Modern technological advances in armaments aided the formation of nation states in Europe. The extensive use of the fire-power lent a lethal edge to the naval power which proved to be the greatest asset to any nation in the 19th century. Small United Nations States of Europe with strong navies, modern arms and disciplined men gained control of lands in foreign continents far greater in areas than the parent countries. Q.1 Necessity is the mother of invention means A) where there is mother there IS invention B) when necessity arises invention IS done C) most of the invention are preplanned D) nothing happens without creating congenial environment Q.2 The invention of modern weapons have resulted into A) loss of immunity from war in the society B) successive wars for the last two centuries. C) arms race among the nations D) loss of life and property every now and then Q.3 Small kingdoms turned into big empires, after A) the invention of cavalry and canons and its introduction into the army B) the introduction of nuclear arms into the army C) the end of the use of knives, arrows and swords D) the end of the 19th century Q.4 The style of the passage is A) informative B) analytical C) retrospective D) provocative     BAAC        

PASSAGE Whether India and the US are signing a new extradition treaty or amending the existing one is somewhat unclear, but there is no doubt that India’s extradition requests have usually been turned down by western democracies. For instance, when India requested the extradition of the JKLF leader, Amanullah Khan, who was visiting the US four years ago, a US lawcourt turned down the Indian request. So did a judge in Belgium when Khan went to Belgium: The reason is that our extradition treaties with all western nations forbid the extradition of a person on two grounds: (I) if he is caused or convicted of an offence of a political nature, and (II) if he won’t get a fair trial in the country requesting his extradition. Unfortunately for India, its human-right record is so dismal that Khan had no difficulty convincing a US and Belgian judge against his deportation on the ground that Indian lawcourts would be severely prejudiced against him. Past experience shows that US and European judges have been sympathetic to fugitives whose extradition India has sought. Take, for instance, a typical case of Karamjit Singh Chahal, a Khalistani separatist in London. In December 1991 the British Home Office rejected his application for political asylum and ordered his deportation to India. Chahal, However, quickly had the order quashed by moving a London High Court which directed that his case be tried afresh. Chahal lost that appeal but he still didn’t exhaust all avenues of redress. He moved the House of Lords, and even if he lost there, he could still appeal to the European Court of Justice. Chahal and Amanullah Khan’s cases are just two of several extradition attempts pursued by India which have run a tortuous course. Take, for instance, the case of two Sikh terrorists, Sukhwinder Singh Sandhu and Ranjit Singh Gill, who had fled to the US after assassinating General AS Vaidya. A Pune court had sentenced them to death and when they were arrested by the US police in May 1987, the Indian Government requested their extradition. After examining evidence, a US magistrate ordered their return, but when they went in appeal, a senior judge ordered their case to be re-heard Sandhu and Gill were eventually extradited, but a full one and a half years after their arrest. If two convicted Indian terrorists could block their extradition for so long is it conceivable that others would not succeed in the same way? After all, we haven’t been able to get the Union Carbide chief, Warren Anderson, to stand trial for the criminal negligence which led to the death of some 2, 500 people in Bhopal in December 1984 Q.1 A suitable title of the passage is A) Indo US relations B) Attitude of western democracies toward India’s extradition request C) Indo-US extradition treaty D) Western criteria of extradition Q.2 Western judges favoured the Indian political criminals and terrorists on the ground that A) India’s law courts had a prejudiced attitude toward these people B) these people bribed the western judges. C) their own governments were also in favour of them D) none of these Q.3 When British Home Office ordered Chahal’s deportation to India, Chahal A) went to the European court of justice B) went to the London High Court for appeal. C) moved to the House of Lords D) Both b and c Q.4 Which of the following statements according to the paragraph ~s correct? A) SS Sandhu and RS Gill were sentenced to death in a US court B) Sandhu and Gill were immediately deported to India when India requested. C) We have not been able to get Mr. Apderson to stand trial for Bhopal gas tragedy. D) Union carbide was an Indian company     BADC    

PASSAGE India is not, as you may imagine, a distant, strange, or at the very utmost, a curious country, India for the future belongs to Europe, it has its place in the Indo-European world, it has its place in our own history and in what is the very life of history, the history of the human mind, You know how some of the best talents and the noblest genius of our age has been devoted to the study of the development of the outward or material world, the growth of the earth, the first appearance of the living cells, their combination and differentiation leading up to the beginning of organic life, and its steady progress from the lowest to the highest stages, Is there not inward intellectual world also which has to be studied in its historical development, from the first appearance of predicative andministrative roots, their combination and differentiation, leading up to the beginning of rational thought in its steady progress from the lowest to the highest stages? And in that study of the history of the human mind, in that study of ourselves, of our true selves, India occupies a place second to no other country, Whatever sphere of the human mind you may select for your special study, whether it be language, or religion, or mythology, or philosophy, whether it be laws or customs, primitive art or primitive science, everywhere you have to go to India, whether you like it or not, because some of the most valuable and most instructive materials in the history of, man are treasured up in India, and in India. only.Q.1 In what field of human endeavor has India surpassed the rest of mankind? A) in industrialization B) in materialization C) in games and sport’s D)in study of the history of the human mind Q.2 What position does India occupy in the study of the history of the human mind? A) No place at all B) First place C) Third place D) Second place Q.3 Philosophy means: A) the study of human mind B) the study of systems of thought about soul, etc. C) the study of political systems D) the study of stars and cosmos Q.4 The historical development of intellectual world leads up to: A) the beginning of rational thought B) spiritual illumination C) physical development D) deflation DBBA